With Modern Physics For Scientists and Engineers

Transcription

1 With Modern Physics For Scientists and Engineers Third Edition Richard Wolfson Middlebury College Jay M. Pasachoff Williams College ^ADDISON-WESLEY An imprint of Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York Harlow, England Don Mills, Ontario Sydney Mexico City Madrid Amsterdam

2 Preface A Visual Guide to the Book The Authors Color Key for Figures Credits xiv xix xxiii xxiv xxv Chapter 1 Doing Physics Fields of Physics The Simplicity of Physics Measurement Systems Changing Units Dimensional Analysis Scientific Notation Accuracy and Significant Figures Estimation Analytic and Numerical Analysis Problem Solving 15 Part 1 Mechanics Chapter 2 Motion in a Straight Line 2-1 Average Motion 2-2 Instantaneous Velocity 2-3 Acceleration 2-4 Constant Acceleration 2-5 Using the Equations of Motion 2-6 The Constant Acceleration of Gravity Chapter I The Vector Description of Motion 3-1 Vectors and Scalars 3-2 Vector Arithmetic Coordinate Systems, Vector Components, and Unit Vectors Velocity and Acceleration Vectors Relative Motion 57 Chapter Motion in More Than One Dimension Velocity and Acceleration Constant Acceleration Projectile Motion Uniform Circular Motion Nonuniform Circular Motion 82 Force and Motion The Wrong Question Newton's First and Second Laws Forces Applying Newton's Second Law Mass and Weight: The Force of Gravity Adding Forces Newton's Third Law Measuring Force 112 Chapter 6 Using Newton's Laws Using Newton's Second Law Multiple Objects Circular Motion Friction Drag Forces 150 Chapter I Work, Energy, and Power Work Work and the Scalar Product A Varying Force 168

3 Contents ix 7-4 Force and Work in Three Dimensions Kinetic Energy Power 176 Chapter 8 Conservation of Energy Conservative and Nonconservative Forces Potential Energy Conservation of Mechanical Energy Potential Energy Curves Force and Potential Energy Nonconservative Forces Conservation of Energy and Mass-Energy 202 Chapter 9 Gravitation Toward a Law of Gravity Universal Gravitation Orbital Motion Gravitational Energy The Gravitational Field Tidal Forces Gravity and the General Theory of Relativity 230 Chapter 10 Systems of Particles Center of Mass Momentum Kinetic Energy in Many-Particle Systems 253 Chapter 11 Collisions Impulse and Collisions Collisions and the Conservation Laws Inelastic Collisions Elastic Collisions 268 Chapter 12 Rotational Motion Angular Velocity and Acceleration Torque Rotational Inertia and the Analog of Newton's Law Rotational Energy Rolling Motion 302 Rotational Vectors and Angular Momentum Angular Velocity and Acceleration Vectors Torque and the Vector Cross Product Angular Momentum Conservation of Angular Momentum Rotational Dynamics in Three Dimensions 324 Chapter 14 Static Equilibrium Conditions for Equilibrium Center of Gravity Examples of Static Equilibrium Stability of Equilibria 346 Oscillations, Waves, and Fluids 361 Oscillatory Motion Properties of Oscillatory Motion Simple Harmonic Motion Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion: An Intimate Relation Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion Damped Harmonic Motion Driven Oscillations and Resonance 382 Chapter 16 Wave Motion Kinds of Waves Wave Properties Mathematical Description of Wave Motion Waves on a String Wave Power and Intensity The Superposition Principle and Wave Interference The Wave Equation 407

4 x Contents Chapter 17 Sound and Other Wave Phenomena Sound Waves in Gases The Speed of Sound in Gases Sound Intensity Sound Waves in Liquids and Solids Wave Reflection and Refraction Standing Waves The Doppler Effect Shockwaves 434 Chapter 18 Fluid Motion Describing Fluids: Density and Pressure Fluids at Rest: Hydrostatic Equilibrium Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy Fluid Dynamics Applications of Fluid Dynamics Viscosity and Turbulence 460 Part 3 Thermodynamics 471 Chapter 19 Temperature and Heat Macroscopic and Microscopic Descriptions Temperature and Thermodynamic Equilibrium Measuring Temperature Temperature and Heat Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Heat Transfer Thermal Energy Balance 486 Chapter 21 Heat, Work, and the First Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics Thermodynamic Processes Specific Heats of an Ideal Gas 532 Chapter 22 The Second Law of Thermodynamics Reversibility and Irreversibility The Second Law of Thermodynamics Applications of the Second Law of Thermodynamics The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale Entropy and the Quality of Energy 554 Part 4 Electromagnetism 569 Chapter 23 Electric Charge, Force, and Field Electromagnetism Electric Charge Coulomb's Law The Electric Field Electric Fields of Charge Distributions Matter in Electric Fields 587 Chapter 24 Gauss's Law Electric Field Lines Electric Flux Gauss's Law Using Gauss's Law Fields of Arbitrary Charge Distributions Gauss's Law and Conductors 617 Chapter 20 The Thermal Behavior of Matter Gases Phase Changes Thermal Expansion 508 Chapter 2S Electric Potential 25-1 Potential Energy, Work, and the Electric Field 25-2 Potential Difference 25-3 Calculating Potential Difference

5 Contents xi 25-4 Potential Difference and the Electric Field 25-5 Potentials of Charged Conductors Ampere's Law 30-4 Using Ampere's Law 30-5 Solenoids and Toroids Chapter 26 Electrostatic Energy and Capacitors Magnetic Matter 30-7 Magnetic Monopoles and Gauss's Law Energy of a Charge Distribution 26-2 Two Isolated Conductors 26-3 Energy and the Electric Field 26-4 Capacitors 26-5 Energy Storage in Capacitors 26-6 Connecting Capacitors 26-7 Capacitors and Dielectrics 659 Chapter 31 Electromagnetic Induction Induced Currents Faraday's Law Induction and the Conservation 669 of Energy Induced Electric Fields Diamagnetism Chapter 27 Electric Current 27-1 Electric Current Chapter 32 Inductance and Magnetic Energy Conduction Mechanisms Mutual Inductance Resistance and Ohm's Law Self-Inductance Electric Power Inductors in Circuits 838 Chapter 28 Electric Circuits Magnetic Energy Circuits and Symbols 28-2 Electromotive Force Chapter 33 Alternating-Current Circuits Simple Circuits: Series and Parallel Resistors 28-4 Kirchhoff's Laws and Multiloop Circuits 28-5 Electrical Measuring Instruments 28-6 Circuits with Capacitors 28-7 Electrical Safety Alternating Current 33-2 Circuit Elements in AC Circuits 33-3 LC Circuits 33-4 Driven RLC Circuits and Resonance 33-5 Power in AC Circuits 33-6 Transformers and Power Supplies Chapter 29 The Magnetic Field 29-1 What is Magnetism? Chapter 34 Maxwell's Equations and Electromagnetic Waves The Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge 29-3 The Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields 29-4 The Magnetic Force on a Current 29-5 A Current Loop in a Magnetic Field The Four Laws of Electromagnetism 34-2 Ambiguity in Ampere's Law 34-3 Maxwell's Equations 34-4 Electromagnetic Waves 34-5 The Speed of Electromagnetic Waves 34-6 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves Chapter 30 Sources of the Magnetic Field The Electromagnetic Spectrum 34-8 Polarization The Biot-Savart Law 30-2 The Magnetic Force between Two Conductors Producing Electromagnetic Waves Energy in Electromagnetic Waves Wave Momentum and Radiation Pressure

6 xii Contents vt 5 Optics Chapter 35 Reflection and Refraction 35-1 Reflection and Transmission 35-2 Reflection 35-3 Refraction 35-4 Total Internal Reflection 35-5 Dispersion 35-6 Reflection and Polarization Chapter 3S Image Formation and Optical Instruments 36-1 Plane Mirrors 36-2 Curved Mirrors 36-3 Lenses 36-4 Refraction in Lenses: The Details 36-5 Optical Instruments Chapter 31 Interference and Diffraction 37-1 Coherence and Interference 37-2 Double-Slit Interference 37-3 Multiple-Slit Interference and Diffraction Gratings 37-4 Thin Films and Interferometers 37-5 Huygens' Principle and Diffraction 37-6 Single-Slit Diffraction 37-7 The Diffraction Limit Part Modern Physics 1007 Chapter 38 Relativity Speed с Relative to What? Matter, Motion, and the Ether Special Relativity Space and Time in Relativity Energy and Momentum in Relativity What Is Not Relative Electromagnetism and Relativity General Relativity 1037 Chapter 3 Light and Matter: Waves or Particles? Toward the Quantum Theory Blackbody Radiation Photons Atomic Spectra and the Bohr Atom Matter Waves The Uncertainty Principle The Wave-Particle Duality, Complementarity, and the Correspondence Principle 1068 Chapter 4 Quantum Mechanics Particles, Waves, and Probability The Schrödinger Equation The Infinite Square Well The Harmonic Oscillator Quantum Tunneling Finite Potential Wells Quantum Mechanics in Three Dimensions Relativistic Quantum Mechanics 1093 Chapter 41 Atomic Physics The Hydrogen Atom Electron Spin The Pauli Exclusion Principle Multielectron Atoms and the Periodic Table Transitions and Atomic Spectra 1120 Chapter 42 Molecular and Solid-State Physics Molecular Bonding Molecular Energy Levels Solids Superconductivity 1151 Chapter 43 Nuclear Physics Discovery of the Nucleus 1162

7 Contents xiii 43-2 Binding Nuclei: Elements, Isotopes, and Stability Properties of the Nucleus Binding Energy Radioactivity Models of Nuclear Structure 1184 Chapter 44 Nuclear Energy: Fission and Fusion Energy from the Nucleus Nuclear Fission Applications of Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion 1209 Chapter 4S From Quarks to the Cosmos Particles and Forces Particles and More Particles Quarks and the Standard Model Unification 45-5 The Evolving Universe Appendixes Appendix. Ä Mathematics A-1 Appendix В The International System of Units (SI) A-12 ettdix С Conversion Factors A-14 Appendix В The Elements A-17 Appendix E Astrophysical Data A-20 Got It! Answers A-21 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-23 Index 1-1