Ferroelectric Materials and Their Applications
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1 Ferroelectric Materials and Their Applications Yuhuan Xu University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA J» m 1991 NORTH-HOLLAND AMSTERDAM LONDON NEW YORK TOKYO
2 Foreword by L.E. Cross Foreword by S.B. Lang Preface v vii ix xi 1. INTRODUCTION: CHARACTERISTICS OF FERROELECTRICS Structural symmetry Spontaneous polarization and pyroelectric effect Ferroelectric domains and hysteresis loop Ferroelectric Curie point and phase transitions Thermodynamics of ferroelectricity Equations of state Paraelectric phase Second-order phase transitions or continuous phase transitions ( > 0) First-order phase transitions ({ < 0) Piezoelectric equations and pyroelectric coefficients Piezoelectric equations Pyroelectric coefficients Electrostrictive equations 32 References METHODS FOR MEASURING THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS Determination of the dielectric properties of ferroelectrics Dielectric constants and dielectric spectrum Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC spectrum) Determination of the piezoelectric, electrostrictive and pyroelectric properties of ferroelectrics Determination of dielectric, piezoelectric, and elastic constants on the basis of IRE standards 53 xi
3 xii Measurement of piezoelectric constants by a static (or quasi-static) method Measurement of electrostrictive coefficients Measurement of pyroelectric coefficients Measurement of the optical and electrooptical properties of ferroelectrics Optical birefringence in ferroelectrics Optical absorption spectrum Methods of measuring electrooptic coefficients Measurement of the nonlinear optic coefficients References PEROVSKITE-TYPE FERROELECTRICS: PART I Physical properties and processing of piezoelectric ceramics with perovskite-type structure Physical properties of BaTi0 3, PbTi0 3, PZT, niobates, etc Conventional processing of piezoelectric ceramics Compositions and modifications of piezoelectric ceramics Effects of the composition and grain size on properties Modification of piezoelectric ceramics Some examples of practical piezoelectric ceramics Stability of piezoelectric ceramics Duration stability Thermal stability Actuators: recent applications of piezoelectric ceramics References, PEROVSKITE-TYPE FERROELECTRICS: PART II Transparent ferroelectric PLZT ceramics and their applications Composition and phase diagram of PLZT Processing of transparent ferroelectric ceramics Physical properties and applications of PLZT PTC ceramics of barium titanate Perovskite-type ferroelectric single crystals BaTi0 3 single crystal KNb0 3 single crystal KTaj-^Nb^Oj single crystals Ferroelectric thin films 206 References 210
4 xiii 5. LITHIUM NIOBATE AND LITHIUM TANTALATE Structure and ferroelectricity of LiNb0 3 and LiTa Single crystal growth Piezoelectric, pyroelectric, electrooptical properties and applications of LiNb0 3 and LiTa Piezoelectric properties and their applications Pyroelectric properties and their applications Electrooptical properties and their applications Nonlinear optical properties and their applications Photorefractive effects in LiNb References FERROELECTRIC TUNGSTEN-BRONZE-TYPE NIOBATE CRYSTALS Crystallographic structure of tungsten-bronze-type niobates Barium sodium niobate and its derivative single crystals Strontium barium niobate crystals Potassium lithium niobate crystals Potassium sodium strontium barium niobate (KNSBN) crystals Lead barium niobate (PBN) crystals 272 References KDP FAMILY, TGS FAMILY AND OTHER WATER-SOLUBLE FERROELECTRIC CRYSTALS KDP family ferroelectric crystals Structure and spontaneous polarization Physical properties and applications of KDP family crystals Isotope effect in KDP family crystals Growth of KDP crystals TGS family ferroelectric crystals Structure and spontaneous polarization of TGS Physical properties of TGS family crystals and their applications Growth of TGS crystals Other water-soluble ferroelectric crystals Rochelle salt Sodium nitrite 298 References 299
5 xiv 8. OTHER FERROELECTRIC CRYSTAL MATERIALS Bismuth titanate Ferroelectric-ferroelastic crystal gadolinium molybdate Lead germanium oxide Ferroelectric semiconductor SbSI (antimony sulphoiodide) family Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTiOP0 4 ) family 321 References ORGANIC FERROELECTRIC MATERIALS AND PIEZOELECTRIC COMPOSITES Polyvinylidene fluoride films Structure and piezoelectricity of PVDF Pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties of PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) Electrooptic and nonlinear optic effects in PVDF and P(VDF-TrFE) Application of ferroelectric polymer films Composites of polymers with piezoelectric ceramics Connectivity and piezoelectric coefficients of a diphase piezoelectric composite Fabrication and properties of piezoelectric composites Ferroelectric liquid crystals Phase and structure of liquid crystals Electrooptic effects in ferroelectric liquid crystals References 359 Author index 363 Subject index 379
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