Electronic Properties of Materials An Introduction for Engineers
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1 Rolf E. Hummel Electronic Properties of Materials An Introduction for Engineers With 219 Illustrations Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo
2 Contents PARTI Fundamentals of Electron Theory CHAPTER l Introduction CHAPTER 2 Wave Properties of Electrons CHAPTER 3 The Schrödinger Equation 3.1. Special Properties of Vibrational CHAPTER 4 Solution of the Schrödinger Equation for Four 4.1. Free Electrons 4.2. Electron in a Potential Well *4.3. Finite Potential Barrier (Tunnel Effect) 4.4. Electron in a Periodic Field of a Crystal CHAPTER 5 Energy Bands in Crystals 5.1. One-Dimensional Zone Schemes 5.2. Two-Dimensional Brillouin Zones *5.3. Three-Dimensional Brillouin Zones
3 Vlll *5.4. Wigner-Seitz Cells 38 *5.5. Translation Vectors and the Reciprocal Lattice 39 *5.6. Complete Energy Bands for Metals and Semiconductors Curves and Planes of Equal Energy CHAPTER 6 Electrons in a Crystal Fermi Energy and Fermi Surface Fermi Distribution Function Density of States Population Density Complete Density of States Function Within a Band Consequences of the Band Model Effective Mass Conclusion Suggestions for Further Reading (Part I) 64 PART II Electrical Properties of Materials 65 CHAPTER 7 Electrical Conduction in Metals and Alloys Introduction Survey Conductivity Classical Electron Theory Conductivity Quantum Mechanical Considerations Experimental Results and Their Interpretation Pure Metals Alloys Ordering Superconductivity Experimental Results 80 * Theory CHAPTER 8 Semiconductors 8.1. Band Structure 8.2. Intrinsic Semiconductors 8.3. Extrinsic Semiconductors Donors and Acceptors Band Structure Temperature Dependence of the Number of Carriers Conductivity Fermi Energy *8.4. Effective Mass 8.5. Hall Effect 8.6. Compound Semiconductors
4 Contents IX 8.7. Semiconductor Devices Metal-Semiconductor Contacts Rectifying Contacts (Schottky Barrier Contacts) Ohmic Contacts (Metallizations) p-n Rectifier (Diode) Zener Diode Solar Cell (Photo Diode) 109 * Avalanche Photo Diode 110 * Tunnel Diode Transistors Semiconductor Device Fabrication CHAPTER 9 Electrical Conduction in Polymers, Ceramics, and Amorphous Materials Conducting Polymers Ionic Conduction Amorphous Materials (Metallic Glasses) Suggestions for Further Reading (Part II) 134 PART III Optical Properties of Materials 135 CHAPTER 10 The Optical Constants Introduction Index of Refraction, и Damping Constant, к Characteristic Penetration Depth, W Reflectivity, R Hagen-Rubens Relation CHAPTER 11 Atomistic Theory of the Optical Properties Survey Free Electrons Without Damping Free Electrons with Damping (Classical Free Electron Theory of Metals) Discussion of the Drude Equations Absorption Polarization Small Frequencies (Far IR) Reflectivity Bound Electrons (Classical Electron Theory of Dielectric Materials) 157 *11.7. Discussion of the Lorentz Equations for Special Cases High Frequencies Small Damping 160
5 X Absorption Near v More Than One Oscillator Contributions of Free Electrons and Harmonic Oscillators to Optical Constants CHAPTER 12 Quantum Mechanical Treatment of the Optical Properties Introduction Absorption of Light by Interband and Intraband Transitions *12.3. Dispersion CHAPTER 13 Applications Measurement of the Optical Properties * Kramers-Kronig Analysis (Dispersion Relations) * Spectroscopic Ellipsometry * Differential Refiectometry Optical Spectra of Pure Metals Reflection Spectra * Plasma Oscillations Optical Spectra of Alloys *13.4. Ordering *13.5. Corrosion Semiconductors Insulators (Dielectric Materials) Lasers Suggestions for Further Reading (Part III) PART IV Magnetic Properties of Materials CHAPTER 14 Foundations of Magnetism Introduction Basic Concepts in Magnetism *14.3. Units CHAPTER 15 Magnetic Phenomena and Their Interpretation Classical Approach Overview Diamagnetism Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism
6 Contents XI Antiferromagnetism Ferrimagnetism Langevin Theory of Diamagnetism 228 *15.3. Langevin Theory of (Electron Orbit) Paramagnetism 230 *15.4. Molecular Field Theory CHAPTER 16 Quantum Mechanical Considerations Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism CHAPTER 17 Applications Introduction Electrical Steels Core Losses Grain Orientation Composition of Core Materials Permanent Magnets Magnetic Recording Ferrite Core Memories Suggestions for Further Reading (Part IV) 258 PART V Thermal Properties of Materials 261 CHAPTER 18 Introduction 263 CHAPTER 19 Fundamentals of Thermal Properties Heat Energy, Q Heat Capacity, С Specific Heat, с Molar Heat Capacity, C Thermal Conductivity,AT The Ideal Gas Equation Kinetic Energy of Gases CHAPTER 20 Heat Capacity Classical (Atomistic) Theory of Heat Capacity Quantum Mechanical Considerations The Phonon Einstein Model Debye Model 279
7 Xll Contents Electronic Contribution to the Heat Capacity CHAPTER 21 Thermal Conduction Thermal Conduction in Metals and Alloys Classical Approach Thermal Conduction in Metals and Alloys Quantum Mechanical Considerations Thermal Conduction in Dielectric Materials CHAPTER 22 Thermal Expansion Suggestions for Further Reading (Part V) 293 Appendices Periodic Motions 2. Euler Equations Summary of Quantum Number Characteristics Tables 304 Index 313
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Al-Mustansiriyah University College of Sciences Physics Department. Year 4 Semester 1 Solid State Physics Lecture #1 Introduction & Overview Assistant Professor Dr. Osama Abdulazeez Dakhil Email: dr.osama@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq