1.9.5 Stoichiometry, Nonstoichiometry, and Defect Structures 75
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1 Chapter 1 Elementary Materials Science Concepts Atomic Structure and Atomic Number Atomic Mass and Mole Bonding and Types of Solids Molecules and General Bonding Principles Covalently Bonded Solids: Diamond Metallic Bonding: Copper Ionically Bonded Solids: Salt Secondary Bonding Mixed Bonding Kinetic Molecular Theory Mean Kinetic Energy and Temperature Thermal Expansion Molecular Velocity and Energy Distribution Heat, Thermal Fluctuations, and Noise Thermally Activated Processes Arrhenius Rate Equation Atomic Diffusion and the Diffusion Coefficient The Crystalline State Types of Crystals Crystal Directions and Planes Allotropy and Carbon Crystalline Defects and Their Significance Point Defects: Vacancies and Impurities Line Defects: Edge and Screw Dislocations Planar Defects: Grain Boundaries Crystal Surfaces and Surface Properties Stoichiometry, Nonstoichiometry, and Defect Structures Single-Crystal Czochralski Growth Glasses and Amorphous Semiconductors Glasses and Amorphous Solids Crystalline and Amorphous Silicon Solid Solutions and Two-Phase Solids Isomorphous Solid Solutions: Isomorphous Alloys Phase Diagrams: Cu-Ni and Other Isomorphous Alloys Zone Refining and Pure Silicon Crystals Binary Eutectic Phase Diagrams and Pb-Sn Solders 90 Additional Topics Bravais Lattices 95
2 Chapter 2 Electrical and Thermal Conduction in Solids Classical Theory: The Drude Model Metals and Conduction by Electrons Temperature Dependence of Resistivity: Ideal Pure Metals Matthiessen's and Nordheim's Rules Matthiessen's Rule and the Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity Solid Solutions and Nordheim's Rule Resistivity of Mixtures and Porous Materials Heterogeneous Mixtures Two-Phase Alloy (Ag-Ni) Resistivity and Electrical Contacts The Hall Effect and Hall Devices Thermal Conduction (to be covered in Section 8 of the course; thermal properties) Thermal Conductivity (to be covered in Section 8 of the course; thermal properties) Thermal Resistance (to be covered in Section 8 of the course; thermal properties) Electrical Conductivity of Nonmetals Semiconductors Ionic Crystals and Glasses 159 Additional Topics Skin Effect: HF Resistance of a Conductor Thin Metal Films Conduction in Thin Metal Films Resistivity of Thin Films Interconnects in Microelectronics Electromigration and Black's Equation 176 Chapter 3 Elementary Quantum Physics Photons Light as a Wave The Photoelectric Effect Compton Scattering Black Body Radiation The Electron as a Wave De Broglie Relationship Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation Infinite Potential Well: A Confined Electron Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle Tunneling Phenomenon: Quantum Leak Potential Box: Three Quantum Numbers 228
3 3.7 Hydrogenic Atom Electron Wavefunctions Quantized Electron Energy Orbital Angular Momentum and Space Quantization Electron Spin and Intrinsic Angular Momentum S Magnetic Dipole Moment of the Electron Total Angular Momentum J The Helium Atom and the Periodic Table He Atom and Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund's Rule Stimulated Emission and Lasers Stimulated Emission and Photon Amplification Helium-Neon Laser Laser Output Spectrum 265 Additional Topics Optical Fiber Amplifiers 267 Chapter 4 Modern Theory of Solids Hydrogen Molecule: Molecular Orbital Theory of Bonding Band Theory of Solids Energy Band Formation Properties of Electrons in a Band Semiconductors Electron Effective Mass Density of States in an Energy Band Statistics: Collections of Particles Boltzmann Classical Statistics Fermi-Dirac Statistics Quantum Theory of Metals Free Electron Model Conduction in Metals Fermi Energy Significance Metal-Metal Contacts: Contact Potential The Seebeck Effect and the Thermocouple Thermionic Emission and Vacuum Tube Devices Thermionic Emission: Richardson-Dushman Equation Schottky Effect and Field Emission Phonons Harmonic Oscillator and Lattice Waves Debye Heat Capacity Thermal Conductivity of Nonmetals 348
4 Electrical Conductivity 350 Additional Topics Band Theory of Metals: Electron Diffraction in Crystals GrŸneisen's Model of Thermal Expansion 361 Chapter 5 Semiconductors Intrinsic Semiconductors Silicon Crystal and Energy Band Diagram Electrons and Holes Conduction in Semiconductors Electron and Hole Concentrations Extrinsic Semiconductors n-type Doping p-type Doping Compensation Doping Temperature Dependence of Conductivity Carrier Concentration Temperature Dependence Drift Mobility: Temperature and Impurity Dependence Conductivity Temperature Dependence Degenerate and Nondegenerate Semiconductors Recombination and Minority Carrier Injection Direct and Indirect Recombination (to be covered in Section 5 of the course; optical properties) Minority Carrier Lifetime Diffusion and Conduction Equations, and Random Motion Continuity Equation Time-Dependent Continuity Equation Steady-State Continuity Equation Optical Absorption Piezoresistivity Schottky Junction Schottky Diode Schottky Junction Solar Cell Ohmic Contacts and Thermoelectric Coolers 443 Additional Topics Direct and Indirect Bandgap Semiconductors Indirect Recombination Amorphous Semiconductors 458 Chapter 6 Semiconductor Devices Ideal pn Junction 476
5 6.1.1 No Applied Bias: Open Circuit Forward Bias: Diffusion Current Forward Bias: Recombination and Total Current Reverse Bias pn Junction Band Diagram Open Circuit Forward and Reverse Bias Depletion Layer Capacitance of the pn Junction Diffusion (Storage) Capacitance and Dynamic Resistance Reverse Breakdown: Avalanche and Zener Breakdown Avalanche Breakdown Zener Breakdown Bipolar Transistor (BJT) Common Base (CB) dc Characteristics Common Base Amplifier Common Emitter (CE) dc Characteristics Low-Frequency Small-Signal Model Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) General Principles JFET Amplifier Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) Field Effect and Inversion Enhancement MOSFET Threshold Voltage Ion Implanted MOS Transistors and Poly-Si Gates Light Emitting Diodes (LED) LED Principles Heterojunction High-Intensity LEDs LED Characteristics Solar Cells Photovoltaic Device Principles Series and Shunt Resistance Solar Cell Materials, Devices, and Efficiencies 561 Additional Topics pin Diodes, Photodiodes, and Solar Cells Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers and Lasers 566 Chapter 7 Dielectric Materials and Insulation Matter Polarization and Relative Permittivity Relative Permittivity: Definition Dipole Moment and Electronic Polarization Polarization Vector P Local Field Eloc and Clausius-Mossotti Equation 593
6 7.2 Electronic Polarization: Covalent Solids Polarization Mechanisms Ionic Polarization Orientational (Dipolar) Polarization Interfacial Polarization Total Polarization Frequency Dependence: Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Loss Dielectric Loss Debye Equations, Cole-Cole Plots, and Equivalent Series Circuit Gauss's Law and Boundary Conditions Dielectric Strength and Insulation Breakdown Dielectric Strength: Definition Dielectric Breakdown and Partial Discharges: Gases Dielectric Breakdown: Liquids Dielectric Breakdown: Solids Capacitor Dielectric Materials Typical Capacitor Constructions Dielectrics: Comparison Piezoelectricity, Ferroelectricity, and Pyroelectricity Piezoelectricity Piezoelectricity: Quartz Oscillators and Filters Ferroelectric and Pyroelectric Crystals 647 Additional Topics Electric Displacement and Depolarization Field Local Field and the Lorentz Equation Dipolar Polarization Ionic Polarization and Dielectric Resonance Dielectric Mixtures and Heterogeneous Media 667 Chapter 8 Magnetic Properties and Superconductivity Magnetization of Matter Magnetic Dipole Moment Atomic Magnetic Moments Magnetization Vector M Magnetizing Field or Magnetic Field Intensity H Magnetic Permeability and Magnetic Susceptibility Magnetic Material Classifications Diamagnetism Paramagnetism 698
7 8.2.3 Ferromagnetism Antiferromagnetism Ferrimagnetism Ferromagnetism Origin and the Exchange Interaction Saturation Magnetization and Curie Temperature Magnetic Domains: Ferromagnetic Materials Magnetic Domains Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy Domain Walls Magnetostriction Domain Wall Motion Polycrystalline Materials and the M versus H Behavior Demagnetization Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials Definitions Initial and Maximum Permeability Soft Magnetic Materials: Examples and Uses Hard Magnetic Materials: Examples and Uses Superconductivity Zero Resistance and the Meissner Effect Type I and Type II Superconductors Critical Current Density Superconductivity Origin 739 Additional Topics Energy Band Diagrams and Magnetism Pauli Spin Paramagnetism Energy Band Model of Ferromagnetism Anisotropic and Giant Magnetoresistance Magnetic Recording Materials Josephson Effect Flux Quantization 758 Chapter 9 Optical Properties of Materials Light Waves in a Homogeneous Medium Refractive Index Dispersion: Refractive Index-Wavelength Behavior Group Velocity and Group Index Magnetic Field: Irradiance and Poynting Vector Snell's Law and Total Internal Reflection (TIR) Fresnel's Equations 793
8 9.7.1 Amplitude Reflection and Transmission Coefficients Intensity, Reflectance, and Transmittance Complex Refractive Index and Light Absorption Lattice Absorption Band-to-Band Absorption Light Scattering in Materials Attenuation in Optical Fibers Luminescence, Phosphors, and White LEDs Polarization Optical Anisotropy Uniaxial Crystals and Fresnel's Optical Indicatrix Birefringence of Calcite Dichroism Birefringent Retarding Plates Optical Activity and Circular Birefringence 835 Additional Topics Electro-optic Effects 837 Sections and subsections in bold and red: to be completely covered. Sections and subsections underlined and in red: to be covered to the extent discussed in lectures. Sections and subsections in italic and blue: recommended extra reading.
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