8 th Grade Physical Science Review Sheet

Transcription

1 SOL PS.1 1. The general process used by scientists to answer questions is Scientific method *What steps are followed in this process? Question, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis, Conclusion, Report Results 2. All scientific knowledge, including theories and laws, are based on? Evidence (data, repeated observations) 3. Complete the statement describing the difference between a law and theory: *a. A theory is a well-tested general explanation for repeated observations. *b. A law is a statement that describes a repeated pattern in nature that occurs without (or nearly without) exception. 4. An opinion or error, which might affect the results of a research project or experiment, is Bias 5. A controlled experiment contains three main components. Name each: a. The variable the scientist changes, the cause of any observed or measured change: independent/manipulated variable b. The variable that changes as a result of what the scientist did, or the effect : dependent/responding variable c. The other possible factors that might affect the experiment, which are kept the same by the scientist: constants/controlled variables 6. What is the name for a group or trial in an experiment which does not receive treatment (the independent variable is not changed in this trial)? control group/trial 7. Name each variable for the following hypothesis: If I water my plants more frequently than once per week, they will grow taller. a. Independent variable: frequency of watering b. Dependent variable: plant height c. Constants: type of soil, amount of sunlight, type of plant, etc. d. Control group: watered once per week (the usual amount) 8. How can you avoid bias in an experiment? Control variables, perform multiple trials, have a different scientist repeat the experiment 9. For each SI or metric unit, list the quantity it measures and the equipment that should be used. a. liter/milliliter volume, graduated cylinder b. meter distance/length, meter stick c. centimeter length, ruler d. gram mass, triple beam balance or electronic balance e. Newton weight/force, spring scale or electronic scale f. degree Celsius temperature, thermometer 10. Name the quantity described in each statement: a. the amount of matter in an object: mass b. the force of gravity on an object: weight c. the amount of space an object takes up: volume d. the amount of mass contained in a given volume: density 11. How do you calculate density? Mass divided by volume 12. Define each metric prefix: a. kilo (k) 1,000 b. hecto (h) 100 c. deka (da) 10 d. deci (d) 0.1 e. centi (c) 0.01 f. milli (m) g. micro (µ) h. nano (n) How can you remember the metric prefixes from largest to smallest? King Henry Died by Drinking Chocolate Milk 14. List all equivalent measurements for 3.2 grams. a kg b hg c dag d. 3.2 g e. 32 dg f. 320 cg g mg 15. Complete each statement describing the proper setup of a data table: 1

2 a. The values of the independent variable are listed on the far left column. b. The values of the dependent variable for each experimental trial are listed in the middle columns. c. The average values for the dependent variable are listed in the far right column. 16. List the proper axes on which to graph your variables: a. independent variable: x-axis b. dependent variable: y-axis 17. How can you remember the proper way to construct a graph from a data table? DRY MIX Dependent/Responding on Y-axis, Manipulated/Independent on X-axis 18. Identify the proper type of graph for each type of data: a. Relationship between variables (ex: change in plant height over time): line graph or scatter plot b. Categories of data (ex: population of various species in a national park): bar graph or line plot c. Tally occurrence of events or repeated data (ex: number of students whose grades fall between various values): frequency distribution or histogram d. Show percentages of a whole: circle graph, aka pie chart 19. Name the descriptive statistic that is described by each statement of how to calculate: a. Add all values and divide by the total number of values: Mean (average) b. List values in numerical order and find the middle number (or average of two middle numbers): Median c. The most frequently occurring value: Mode d. Subtract the smallest value from the largest: Range 20. Calculate the descriptive statistics for the following data: 10, 12, 9, 7, 8, 10, 11, 10, 12, 16 a. Mean: 10.5 b. Median: 10 c. Mode: 10 d. Range: A number that does not fit the data is An outlier/anomalous data 2 *Which value does not fit the data above? Something that is constructed or created to describe or explain an object or process that cannot be directly observed is A model *List some examples: Atomic model, food chain/web, heliocentric vs. geocentric solar system models, etc. 23. A scale model of the solar system is constructed. In this model, one centimeter is equivalent to 1,00,000 kilometers. If the actual distance from Earth to the Sun is 150,000,000 km, how many centimeters apart should they be in the replica? 150 mm 24. Write the number 150,000 in proper scientific notation x 10 5 SOL PS.2 1. Anything that has mass and takes up space? matter 2. All matter is made up of tiny particles atoms 3. Pure substance made up of only one kind of atom? Element 4. Two or more elements chemically combined? compound 5. Two or more substances physically combined? mixture 6. What are the three main phases of matter? Solid, liquid, gas 7. Matter with no shape or volume? gas 8. Matter with volume and no shape? liquid 9. Matter with shape and volume? solid 10. What is the name for the matter found in the stars that acts as a superheated gas? plasma 11. What element is found in all organic compounds? carbon 12. Identify each characteristic as an acid, base, or neutral. *ph < 7 (0 to 6.9) à acid * ph of exactly 7àneutral

3 *ph > 7 (7.1 to 14) àbase *Tastes Bitteràbase *Tastes Souràacid *Turns litmus paper redàacid *Turns litmus paper blueàbase *Starts with a H/releases H + in solution acid * Ends with a OH/releases OH - in solution base 13. What is formed when an acid reacts with a base? Salt and water 14. What kind of properties are shape, density, solubility, odor, melting point, boiling point, and color? (Properties that can be observed or measured without changing into a new substance) Physical properties 15. What kind of properties are acidity, basicity, combustibility, and reactivity? (Properties that require the substance to change into a new substance) Chemical properties SOL PS.3 1. Which scientist proved the atom existed? Dalton 2. Which scientist discovered the electron? Thomson 3. Which scientist discovered the nucleus of the atom? Rutherford 4. What scientist stated the electrons orbited the nucleus? Bohr 5. What is the name for the modern 3-D model of the atom? Electron cloud model (Schrodinger s Model) 6. How can you remember the atomic theory scientists in order? Don t Try Running Before School 7. What is the center of the atom nucleus 7. What is the positively charged particle in the nucleus? proton 8. What is the particle with no charge in the nucleus? neutron 9. What is the negatively charged particle outside of the nucleus? electron 10. What are particles that make up the protons and neutrons? Quarks SOL PS.4 1. There are 110 known elements on the Periodic Table. Of those elements there are 92 found naturally while the others are produced in a laboratory. What makes every element on the Periodic Table different? # of protons (atomic #) 2. What determines the arrangement of the elements on the Periodic Table? # of protons (atomic #) 3. What are the 18 columns on the Periodic Table Groups or families 4. What are the 7 rows on the Periodic Table periods 5. Elements in the same family have similar properties/characteristics. What else do they normally have in common that has a major effect on chemical bonding? Valence electrons 6. How are all of the elements on the right side of the staircase plus Hydrogen classified? nonmetals 7. How are all of the elements on the left side of the staircase plus Aluminum classified? metals 8. How are all of the elements on the staircase except Aluminum classified? metalloids 9. What type of bond is formed when two nonmetals share electrons? Covalent bond 10. What type of bond is formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal? Ionic bond 11. What is an atom that gains or loses electrons ion 3

4 12. What is an atom that gains or loses neutrons isotope 13. What tells you the number of atoms in a chemical bond? subscript 14. How many protons does Aluminum have? 13 *Aluminum has an atomic number of 13 *Aluminum has an atomic mass of How many neutrons does Aluminum have? How many electrons does Aluminum have? 13 SOL PS.5 1. What are changes in size, shape, or phase Physical changes 2. What are changes that produce new substances and energy? Chemical changes 3. What law states the total mass in a reaction remains the same plus energy only changes forms during a reaction and is never created or destroyed? Law of conservation of mass and energy (e= mc 2 ) 4. What is a reaction that absorbs energy Endothermic reaction 5. What is a reaction that releases energy Exothermic reaction 6. Label the parts of the following chemical equation: a. 4Al + 3O 2 è 2Al 2 O 3 4 c. d. a. coefficient b. subscript c. reactants d. products 7. What type of nuclear reaction is the result of a nucleus splitting? Nuclear fission 8. What type of nuclear reaction is the result of two nuclei combining? Nuclear fusion b. 9. Nuclear energy changes a small amount of matter into a large supply of energy. *What is the biggest problem with nuclear energy? Storage of nuclear waste SOL PS.6 1. What is the ability to do work or cause change? energy 2. What is stored energy or the energy of position Potential energy 3. What is the energy of motion Kinetic energy 4. Identify the examples of energy. *Fire, Frictionà thermal (heat) *Sun, Nuclear Power Plant, Atomic Bombà Nuclear energy *Food, Fuel, Batteries, Plantsà chemical *Machines, Wind, Water, Soundà mechanical *Circuits, Lightening, Solar Cellsà electrical 5. What kind of energy is visible light? Radiant (aka electromagnetic) 6. What is some energy always lost as during an energy transformation? Thermal energy 7. What energy transformation takes place in each example: *Photosynthesis? Lightàchemical *Flashlight? chemicalàelectricalàlight *Toaster Oven electrical à heat SOL PS.7 1. What is the transfer of thermal energy between substances of different temperatures heat 2. What increases when thermal energy is added to a substance? Temperature 3. What does temperature measure in a substance? Average Kinetic energy of particle motion

5 4. What is name for the temperature when all molecular activity stops Zero Kinetic Energy? Absolute zero (0 K, -273 o C) 5. What is the metric unit for temperature? Celsius *What is the freezing point of water on this scale? 0 o C *What is the boiling point of water on this scale? 100 o C 6. Which temperature scale is used in the SI system? Kelvin *How do you convert temperatures in degrees Celsius to temperature in this scale? o C *How do you convert temperatures on this scale into degrees Celsius? K (True/False) During a phase change (freezing, melting, condensing, evaporating, boiling, and vaporizing) the temperature does not change. True 8. Identify the type of heat transfer: *Heat transfer by contact? Ex Burning your hand on the stove. conduction *Heat transfer through circulating fluids (usually air or water)? Ex Water warm rises while it boils on a stove. convection *Heat transfer through outer space? Ex The transfer of heat from sun to earth radiation 9. How do the particles in a substance move when it is heated? Faster and farther apart 10. How do the particles in a substance move when it is cooled? Slower and closer together SOL PS.8 1. How are sound waves produced? By vibrations 2. What travels faster sound or light? light 3. What happens to the speed of sound if the temperature or the density increases? Speed of sound increases 4. Sound cannot travel without this? Matter (a medium) 5. Does sound travel faster in the air or water? water 6. What type of wave is a sound wave? Compression (longitudinal) 7. What part of a sound wave is the wave is pressed together? compression 8. What part of a sound wave is the wave spread apart? rarefaction 9. What is the distance from like points on a wave wavelength 10. What term describes how often the waves pass by? frequency 11. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? Wavelength increases and frequency decreases 12. What property results in a sound wave bouncing and allows echolocation, SONAR, ultrasound, and sonograms to function? reflection 13. What is the term for an objecting vibrating at its own natural frequency? (Tuning fork) resonance 14. What is it called when two waves interact (overlap) and combine? a. To create a larger wave: constructive interference b. To create a smaller wave: destructive interference 5

6 15. Label the parts of a sound wave. x. compression y. rarefaction z. wavelength 16. Frequency determines pitch whereas amplitude determines intensity (loudness). SOL PS.9 1. What type of wave is a light wave? transverse 2. Does light travel faster in the air or water? air 3. Label the parts of a light wave. a. crest b. trough c. wavelength d. amplitude e. wave height f. line of origin/rest position 4. What is the term for a light wave bending as it changes speeds? (Light does this as it moves from air to water.) refraction 5. What is the term for a wave bending around an obstacle? diffraction 6. What are the first three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? Radio, microwave, infrared 7. What colors form the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum? Red, orange, yellow, green, blue indigo, and violet 8. What are the final three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? UV rays, X-rays, & Gamma rays 9. What properties change as you move across the spectrum and create the different types of light waves? Wavelength decreases; frequency increases 10. Which part of the spectrum has the longest wavelength, lowest frequency, and least energy? Radio waves 11. Which part of the spectrum has the shortest wavelength, highest frequency, and highest energy? Gamma rays 12. How can you remember the waves of the electromagnetic spectrum in order from longest to shortest wavelength/lowest to highest energy? Reggae Moms In Vegas Play Xylophones Gladly 13. Which type of mirror produces a smaller, upright image? Concave mirror 14. Which type of mirror can produce both an upright and inverted image? Convex mirror 15. Lenses always refract light. What is light always refracted towards? The thickest part of the lens 16. Contrast transparent, translucent, and opaque. *Transparent- clear image *Translucent-fuzzy image *Opaque- no image 17. What determines the color of an object? Color of light reflected 18. What is the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection? They are equal SOL PS What is the distance an object travels in a given time? (Distance divided by time) speed 2. What measures both speed and direction? velocity 3. What is the change in velocity over time? acceleration 4. What are the three ways to accelerate? Speed up, slow down, or change direction 5. Why is an object constantly accelerating if it is traveling in a circular motion? It s always changing direction 6

7 6. What is the amount of matter in an object? mass 7. What is a measure of the force of gravity acting on an object? Weight 8. Contrast mass and weight. *Mass is determined by - matter *Weight is determined by- gravity 9. Identify Newton s Laws of Motion: *An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest until an outside force is applied. (Ex: Without your seatbelt, you will fly into the windsheild when your driver slams on the brakes) Newton s First Law (Law of Inertia) *Force = Mass x Acceleration (Ex: a full shopping cart is harder to push than an empty one) Newton s Second Law *For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. (Ex: Rocket fires its engines downward to lift the rocket upward) Newton s Third Law 10. What is the name for a push or pull on an object? Force *The sum of all pushes and pulls on a object? Net Force *Motion occurs when there are? Unbalanced forces on an object 11. What is the unit for force? Newton 12. What are the two conditions needed to do work? Force and motion *How do you calculate work? Force x Distance 13. Why is Mechanical Efficiency always less than 100%? (Work Output less than Work Input) Friction (loss of energy as heat) 14. What type of simple machine is a ramp or screw? Inclined plane 15. What type of simple machine is used to operate a flagpole? Pulley 16. What type of simple machine are a rake, scissors, and see-saw? Lever 17. What is a fulcrum? The point around which the lever pivots 18. How do you calculate each of the following? (What is the formula?) Speed d/t Force m x a Work f X d Power W/t or (FXd)/t 19. Identify what each unit measures: *km/h or m/s: speed *km/h/s or m/s 2 : acceleration *km/h due west: velocity *kg/m*s 2 or N: force *N*m or J: work *J/s or W: power SOL PS What does the flow of electrons create? Electric current 2. What is any force that opposes an electric current? resistance 3. What is the buildup of electric charges Static electricity 4. What is a circuit with only one path Series circuit 5. What is a circuit with more than one path Parallel circuit 6. Which circuit will not work if there is one break in the circuit? Series circuit 7. Identify each circuit below. A. parallel B. series 8. What is a current that flows back and forth? Alternating current 7

8 9. What is a current that flows in one direction? Direct current 10. What is the energy of the current measured in volts? Voltage 11. What are substances that allow electricity to flow (Copper and most other metals) Conductors 12. What are substances that do not allow electricity to flow (Rubber, Plastic, Glass) Insulators 13. What do we call diodes, transmitters, and other substances that can control the flow of electricity in circuits? Semiconductors 14. (True/False) Electric currents and magnetic fields can be used to create each other. True 15. What is an example of electricity creating magnetism and magnetism creating electricity? Electric motors; generators 16. What are the two ways you can strengthen an electromagnet if the battery is kept the same? Bigger core, more coils of wire around the core, more conductive wire (thicker or more conductive material) 17. What is created when domains align in certain metals? magnetism 18. What do opposite charges or poles do? attract 19. What do like charges or poles do? repel 20. Where is a magnet the strongest? At the poles 21. What are the 3 ways electricity and magnetism are related? a. they both have fields b. they both have the same rules of attraction c. they can create each other 22. What does each unit measure? *watts (W) - power *volts (V) - voltage *amps (A) - current *Ohms ( ) - resistance *kwh electrical energy consumption 23. Complete the following statements about the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance (V=I x R): a. As current increases, resistance decreases, for the same voltage. b. As voltage increases, resistance increases, for the same amount of current. c. As resistance increases, current decreases for the same voltage. d. As resistance increases, voltage increases for the same amount of current. 24. Resistance in a circuit usually produces what two things (think of a light bulb)? Heat and light 8