2. Which scientist discovered the electron and thought the atom looked like chocolate chip cookie dough (Plum pudding model)?

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1 Name: 8 th Grade Physical Science - SOL Review SOL PS.2 1. Anything that has mass and takes up space? matter 2. All matter is made up of tiny particles called? atoms 3. Pure substance made up of only one kind of atom? Element 4. Two or more elements chemically combined? compound 5. Two or more substances physically combined? mixture 6. What are the three main phases of matter? Solid, liquid, gas 7. Matter with no shape or volume? gas What do the particles look like? à 8. Matter with volume and no shape? liquid What do the particles look like? à 9. Matter with shape and volume? solid What do the particles look like? à 10. What is the name for the matter found in the stars that acts as a superheated gas (the most common form of matter in the universe)? plasma 11. What element is found in all organic compounds? carbon *ph of 7àneutral *ph above 7àbase *Tastes Bitteràbase *Tastes Souràacid *Turns litmus paper redàacid *Turns litmus paper blueàbase *Starts with a H + àacid *Ends with a OH - àbase 13. What is the range of the ph scale? What is formed when an acid reacts with a base? Salt and water 15. What kind of properties are shape, density, solubility, odor, melting point, boiling point, and color? (Properties can be observed or measured) Physical properties 16. What kind of properties are acidity, basicity, combustibility, and reactivity? (Properties related to reactions) Chemical properties SOL PS.3 1. Which scientist proved the atom existed and thought it looked like a solid sphere? Dalton 2. Which scientist discovered the electron and thought the atom looked like chocolate chip cookie dough (Plum pudding model)? Thomson 3. Which scientist discovered the center (nucleus) of the atom? Rutherford 4. Which scientist stated the electrons orbited the nucleus in fixed paths (Planetary model)? Bohr 5. What is the name for the modern 3-D model of the atom attributed to a scientist named Schrödinger? Electron cloud model (Quantum Mechanics) 6. What is the center of the atom called? Nucleus 7. What is the positively charged particle in the nucleus? Proton 8. What is the particle with no charge in the nucleus? Neutron 9. What is the negatively charged particle outside of the nucleus? Electron 10. What are particles that make up the protons and neutrons? quarks 12. Identify each characteristic as an acid, base, or neutral. *ph below 7à acid

2 SOL PS.4 1. There are more than 110 known elements on the Periodic Table. Of those elements there are 92 found naturally while the others are produced in a laboratory. What makes every element on the Periodic Table different? # of protons (atomic #) 2. What determines the arrangement of the elements on the Periodic Table? # of protons (atomic #) 3. What are the 18 vertical columns on the Periodic Table called? Groups or families 4. What are the 7 horizontal rows on the Periodic Table called? periods 5. Elements in the same family have similar properties/characteristics. What else do they normally have in common that has a major effect on chemical bonding? Valence electrons 6. How are all of the elements on the right side of the staircase plus Hydrogen classified? nonmetals 7. How are all of the elements on the left side of the staircase plus Aluminum classified? metals 8. How are all of the elements on the staircase except Aluminum classified? metalloids 9. Why do atoms react with one another to form bonds? To become stable/fill their outermost energy level 10. Which family of elements do not react with other elements? Why? Noble gases; outermost energy level is already full 11. What type of bond is formed when two nonmetals share electrons? Covalent bond 12. What type of bond is formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal? Ionic bond 13. What is an atom that gains or loses electrons called? ion 14. What is an atom that gains or loses neutrons called? isotope 15. What is used to represent an element? Chemical symbol 16. What is used to represent a compound? Chemical formula 17. What tells you the number of atoms in a chemical bond? Subscript Aluminum has an atomic number of 13 and an atomic mass of How many protons does Aluminum have? How many neutrons does Aluminum have? How many electrons does Aluminum have? 13 SOL PS.5 1. What are changes in size, shape, or phase called? Physical changes 2. What are changes that produce new substances and require energy? Chemical changes 3. What law states the total mass in a reaction remains the same plus energy only changes forms during a reaction and is never created or destroyed? Law of conservation of mass and energy (e= mc 2 ) 4. What is a reaction that absorbs energy called? Endothermic reaction 5. What is a reaction that releases energy called? Exothermic reaction 6. Label the parts of the following chemical equations: a. 4Al + 3O 2 è 2Al 2 O 3 c. a. coefficient b. subscript c. reactants d. products 7. What type of nuclear reaction is the result of a nucleus splitting? Nuclear fission 8. What type of nuclear reaction is the result of two nuclei combining? Nuclear fusion 9. Nuclear energy changes a small amount of matter into a large supply of energy. *What is the biggest problem with nuclear energy? Storage of nuclear waste d. b.

3 SOL PS.6 1. What is the ability to do work? Energy 2. What is stored energy or the energy of position called? Potential energy *Give an example. A ball sitting at the top of a hill 3. What is the energy of motion called? Kinetic energy *Give an example. A ball rolling 4. Identify the examples of energy. *Fire, Frictionàthermal (heat) *Sun, Homer Simpson s Power Plantà Nuclear energy *Food, Fuel, Batteries, Plantsà chemical *Simple Machines, Wind, Water, Soundàmechanical *Circuits, Lightening, Solar Cellsà electrical 5. What kind of energy is visible light? Radiant 6. What does the law of conservation of energy state? Energy cannot be created or destroyed 7. What is some energy always lost as (converted to) during an energy transformation? Thermal energy 8. What energy transformation takes place in each example: *Photosynthesis? Lightàchemical *Flashlight? chemicalàelectricalàlight SOL PS.7 1. What is the transfer of thermal energy between substances of different temperatures called? heat 2. What increases when thermal (heat) energy is added to a substance? temperature 3. What does temperature measure in a substance? Kinetic energy 4. What is name for the temperature when all molecular activity stops Zero Kinetic Energy? Absolute zero At what temperature does this occur? 0 K or -273 o C 5. What is the SI (metric) unit for temperature? Celsius 6. What temperature scale is most often used to measure absolute zero? Kelvins 7. (True/False) During a phase change (freezing, melting, condensing, evaporating, boiling, and vaporizing) the temperature does not change. True 8. Identify the type of heat transfer: *Heat transfer by contact? Ex Burning your hand on the stove. conduction *Heat transfer by fluids? Ex Water warm rises while it boils on a stove. convection *Heat transfer through outer space? Ex The Sun s Rays radiation 9. How do the particles in a substance move when it is heated? Faster and farther apart 10. How do the particles in a substance move when it is cooled? Slower and closer together 11. What is thermal expansion? An object gets bigger when heated *What substance is the exception to the thermal expansion rule? Water 12. List some examples of practical uses of thermal (heat) energy. heat engines, thermostats, refrigerators, heat pumps, and geothermal systems SOL PS.8 1. How are sound waves produced? By vibrations 2. What travels faster sound or light? light 3. What happens to the speed of sound if the temperature or the density increases? Speed of sound increases 4. Sound cannot travel without this? Matter (medium) 5. What two things determine the speed of sound? Type of medium (matter) and temperature 6. What type of wave is a sound wave? Compression (longitudinal) 7. What part of a sound wave is the wave is pressed together? compression 8. What part of a sound wave is the wave spread apart? rarefaction 9. What is the distance from any two corresponding (like) points on a wave called? wavelength 10. What term describes how often the waves pass by a given point? frequency

4 11. What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency? Wavelength increases and frequency decreases 12. What property results in a sound wave bouncing and allows echolocation, SONAR, ultrasound, and sonograms to function? reflection 13. What is the term for an objecting vibrating at its own natural frequency? (Tuning fork) resonance 14. What is it called when two waves interact (overlap) and combine? interference 15 Label the parts of a sound wave. x. compression y. rarefaction z. wavelength 16. What is the frequency of the sound wave pictured above? 4.5 hertz 17. Frequency determines pitch whereas amplitude determines intensity (loudness). SOL PS.9 1. What type of wave is a light wave? transverse 2. Does light travel faster in the air or water? air 3. Label the parts of a light wave. a. crest b. trough c. wavelength d. amplitude e. wave height f. line of origin 4. What is the frequency of the light wave pictured above? 3 hertz 5. What is the term for a light wave bending as it changes speeds? (Light does this as it moves from air to water.) refraction 6. What is the term for a wave bending around an obstacle? diffraction 7. What are the first three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? How is each used? Radio-TV, radio, RADAR Microwave- cell phones, satellite Infrared-thermal sensors 8. What is the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum? Give an example of how visible light is used. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue indigo, and violet; optical scanners, lasers, & fiber optics 9. What are the final three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum? UV rays- Sun s rays, kill bacteria X-rays- photo bones, security Gamma rays- radiation treatment 10. What properties change as you move across the spectrum and create the different types of light waves? Wavelength decreases; frequency increases 11. Which part of the spectrum has the longest wavelength, lowest frequency, and least energy? Radio waves 12. Which part of the spectrum has the shortest wavelength, highest frequency, and highest energy? Gamma rays 13. All mirrors reflect light. Which type of mirror diverges light to produce a smaller, upright image? Convex mirror 14. Which type of mirror converges light and produces an upright magnified image if close and an inverted smaller image if far away? Concave mirror 15. Lenses always refract light. What is light always refracted towards? The thickest part of the lens 16. Contrast transparent, translucent, and opaque. *Transparent- clear image; lets light pass through *Translucent-fuzzy image; some light passes through *Opaque- no image; no light passes through 17. What determines the color of an object? Color of light reflected 18. What is the relationship between the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection? They are equal SOL PS What is the distance an object travels in a given time? (Distance divided by time) speed 2. What measures both speed and direction? velocity 3. What is the change in velocity over time? acceleration 4. What are the three ways to accelerate? Speed up, slow down, or change direction 5. Why is an object constantly accelerating if it is traveling in a circular motion? It s always changing direction

5 6. What is the amount of matter in an object? mass 7. Contrast mass and weight. *Mass is determined by - matter *Weight is determined by-gravity 8. Identify Newton s Laws of Motion *An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest until an outside force is applied. (Law of Inertia) Newton s First Law *Force = Mass x Acceleration Newton s Second Law *For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. (Rocket fires its engines downward to lift off) Newton s Third Law 9. What is the force of gravity pulling down on an object? Weight 10. What is the name for a push or pull? force 11. What is the unit for force? Newton 12. What are the two conditions needed for work? Force and motion 13. In what two ways do machines make work easier? Increase the effort force and/or change the direction of the applied force 14. What is mechanical advantage? The number of times a machines multiplies the effort force 15. Why is Mechanical Efficiency always less than 100%? (Work Output less than Work Input) Friction (heat energy) 16. What type of simple machine is a ramp or screw? Inclined plane 17. What type of simple machine is used to operate a flagpole? Pulley 18. What type of simple machine are a rake, scissors, and seesaw? Lever 19. What type of simple machine always contains a fulcrum? lever 20. How do you find each of the following? (What is the formula?) Speed d/t Force - ma Work f X d Power W/t or (FXd)/t 21. Identify what each unit measures: *km/h or m/s: speed *km/h/s or m/s 2 : acceleration *km/h due west: velocity SOL PS What does the flow of electrons create? Electric current 2. What is any force that opposes an electric current? resistance 3. What is the buildup of electric charges called? Static electricity 4. A circuit is a complete closed path for electrons to flow. What is a circuit with only one path called? Series circuit 5. What is a circuit with more than one path called? Parallel circuit 6. Which circuit will not work if there is one break in the circuit? Series circuit 7. Identify each circuit below. A. parallel B. series 8. What is a current that flows back and forth? Alternating current 9. What is a current that flows in one direction? Direct current 10. What is the energy of the current measured in volts? Voltage 11. What are substances that allow electricity to flow called? (Copper and most other metals) Conductors 12. What are substances that do not allow electricity to flow called? (Rubber, Plastic, Glass) Insulators 13. What do we call diodes, transmitters, and other substances that can control the flow of electricity in circuits? Semiconductors 14. (True/False) Electric currents and magnetic fields can be used to create each other. True 15. What are examples of: *electricity creating magnetism Electromagnets (electric motors) *magnetism creating electricity? generators 16. What are the two ways to strengthen an electromagnet if the battery is kept the same? Bigger nail, more coils of wire around the nail

6 17. What is created when domains align in certain metals? magnetism 18. What do opposite charges or poles do? attract 19. What do like charges or poles do? repel 20. Where is a magnet the strongest? At the poles 21. What are the 3 ways electricity and magnetism are related? a. they both have fields b. they both have the same rules of attraction c. they can create each other 22. What does each measure? *watts - power *volts - voltage *amps - current *kwh electric energy consumed

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