End of Course Exam Review Answer Sheet

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1 End of Course Exam Review Answer Sheet States of Matter, Solutions, Acid/Base, Nuclear Reactions, Organic Compounds 1. solid 2. plasma 3. gas 4. liquid 5. a) All matter is composed of small particles [molecules, atoms, ions] b) The particles are in constant, random motion. c) The particles are colliding with each other and the sides of the container. 6. condensation 7. vaporization (boiling) 8. freezing 9. sublimation 10. evaporation 11. melting 12. Potential energy increases since temperature is constant. The spacing between particles increases. 13. Kinetic energy increases since temperature is increasing. The particles move faster. 14. a) particle size b) temperature c) agitation 15. solvent- does the dissolving solute- substance being dissolved 16. At the surface of the solute, solvent particles surround solute particles (due to +/- attractions) and pull them away into the solution. 17. stirring, increased surface area, high temperature 18. unsaturated 19. supersaturated 20. saturated 21. Polar solvents can dissolve polar solutes, and nonpolar solvents can dissolve nonpolar solutes, but polar and nonpolar substances don t mix. 22. both 23. base 24. acid 25. acid 26. base 27. base 28. base 29. acid 30. base 31. acid 32. neither 33. acid 34. base 35. acid 36. acid 37. acid 38. base 39. an acid and a base

2 40. a salt and water 41. negative ion (anion) of an acid and positive ion (cation) of a base 42. Most organic compounds contain carbon, methane gas,proteins. Inorganic compounds don t 43. See p , See p fission 46. fusion 47. fission 48. fission 49. fusion 50. fusion Motion and Forces 51. net force 52. inertia 53. balanced forces 54. net force 55. bowling ball (greatest mass) 56. his weight (depends on gravitational force) 57. The mass of the two objects and the distance between them. Gravity is strongest when the mass is greater and distance is smaller. 58. The type of surfaces and the force between them. Friction is greatest when surfaces are rough and the force between them (usually weight) is large hours 60. Speed up, slow down, change direction 61. Without air resistance, both objects will hit at the same time because they both have the same acceleration due to gravity. With air resistance, the penny will hit first because air resistance is not high enough to counteract its weight (takes longer to reach terminal velocity). 62. Positive, negative m/s N 65. It is accelerating because its direction is changing (therefore velocity is changing). It accelerates toward the center of the circle. 66. acceleration 67. exerts a force on Laura to the left. Laura exerts a force on Ryan to the right. 68. The forces are equal in size. 69. Laura will have greater acceleration since she has less mass (F=ma). 70. Velocity, speed, distance, displacement 71. Distance the length of a path between two points Displacement the direction from the starting point and the length of a straight line from the starting point to the ending point m/s/s 73. Free fall question Questions requiring formula sheet m/s m

3 J 77. (correction: velocity = 1.26 m/s) 1.8 Hz kg m/s mi/hr north kg A J m/s west kg m/s g/cm g N kg Energy, Electricity, Magnetism 91. The mass and velocity of the object. KE is greatest when mass and velocity are high. 92. The mass and height of the object. PE is greatest when mass and height are high. 93. Force must be exerted though a distance that is in the same direction as the exerted force. 94. Before the run, KE is zero and PE is high. During the run, PE decreases and KE increases. After the run, KE decreases as mechanical energy is converted into thermal energy due to friction J 96. The mass and temperature of the object. Thermal energy is greatest when mass and temperature are high. 97. Heat is the flow of thermal energy from high temps to low temps. An object feels cold when heat flows from your skin to the object. An object feels hot when heat flows from the object to your skin. 98. The object must move in the same direction as the force applied. 99. Conductors allow electrons to move freely. Insulators do not Static discharge occurs when there is a large buildup of static electricity. When there is a separation between areas of negative charge and positive charge the charges flow toward each other and create a spark thermal energy and light 102. High resistance-light bulbs convert electrical energy to light. Low resistance-copper wiring conducts electricity without wasting too much The conductor, wire thickness, wire length, temperature. Resistance is greatest in thin, long wires at high temperatures Voltage equal current times resistance. Adding lights increases the resistance therefore causing the current to decrease A 106. Series-Adding lights causes lights to dim (less voltage to each results in less current) and removing lights causes current to stop. Parallel-Adding or removing lights does not affect the brightness or flow of current to the other lights. Houses use parallel so you can plug and unplug devices independently Charging by friction = objects rubbed together & some e- leave one object and stick to the other leaving the objects charged. Charging by conduction = e- are transferred from another object by touching Charging by induction = charge an object by bringing a charged object near a neutral object 108. See p. 192

4 109. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract Speakers-As current flows through coil, its magnetic field interacts with the permanent magnetic field. Coil and cone vibrate producing sound. Motor-Current through coil causes magnetic field that interacts with the permanent magnetic field. Commutator reverses the current to keep the armature rotating. Electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy Microphones-speakers in reverse. Generators-motors in reverse. Vibration or rotation of a coil within a permanent magnetic field induces a current in the wire. Mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy Wire is wrapped in a coil around iron. Current causes a magnetic field through the center of the coil which causes the iron to act like a temporary magnet AC current Waves and Matter 114. transverse (wavelength, amplitude, crest, trough), longitudinal/compressional (wavelength, compression, rarefaction) 115. energy, medium Hz 117. The type and temperature of the medium Sound is a longitudinal wave that requires a medium Travels better through water at high temps frequency, amplitude 121. see page see page A sound source moves, sound waves are compressed in front of and spread out behind the source. As a result, pitch sounds higher as an object moves toward you and lower as it moves away EM radiation is transverse wave that does not require a medium As the wavelength decreases, the frequency increases and the energy increases Radio-AM/FM. Microwave-cooking, cell phones. Infrared-night vision, heat detection, medical imaging. Visible-sight (ROY G. BIV). Ultraviolet-tanning, sanitizing. X rays-medical imaging. Gamma rays-cancer treatment. Matter, Atomic Structure, Periodic Table 127. compound 128. heterogeneous mixture 129. element 130. solution 131. homogenous same composition throughout heterogeneous different composition throughout 132. physical 133. chemical 134. chemical 135. physical 136. chemical 137. physical 138. physical 139. chemical 140. chemical 141. physical 142. physical 143. chemical

5 144. physical 145. a) chemical b) chemical 146. physical 147. protons 148. protons, neutrons 149. electrons 150. electron cloud 151. radioactive 152. nuclear decay 153. periods, energy levels 154. see p p Br, atomic# 35, mass# 80, 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 35 electrons 157. Columns, valence electrons 158. Ca: 2,4 F: 7, 2 P: 5, 3 Cs: 1, atomic number 160. a) metal b) nonmetal c) metalloid 161. Mass Charge Location (AMU Proton 1 + Nucleus Neutron 1 None Nucleus Electron 0 - Electron cloud , 8, 18, , 18, 17, 17, Chemical Bonds, Chemical Reactions 165. Having 8 valence electrons gives most atoms a full outer energy level which makes the atoms more stable a) molecular b) ionic c) molecular *Molecular means they are covalent 167. a) ionic b) molecular c) ionic 168. a) ionic b) ionic c) molecular 169. covalent 170. ionic 171. ionic 172. covalent 173. covalent 174. ionic 175. a) 1+ b) 2+ c) 2- d) 1-

6 176. lose, gain, ions, ionic 177. covalent 178. a) atom b) molecule c) molecule d) molecule e) molecule f) atom g) atom h) atom 179. electrons 180. They have a complete outer shell Small number in a chemical formula. Tells the number of atoms of an element in a compound Skip 185. lithium bromide, magnesium chloride, sodium oxide 186. ammonium chloride, zinc (II) chloride, magnesium phosphate, carbon dioxide 187. CaCl 2, Al 2 O 3, Cu(NO 3 ) NH 4 ClO 3, Al(OH) 3, Fe 2 O A chemical equation must be balanced so it can follow the law of conservation of mass 190. requires, releases 191. endothermic ( subscripts = little numbers; coefficients = large numbers) 192. exothermic 193. endothermic 194. endothermic 195. exothermic 196. exothermic decomposition: SiCl 4 Si + 2Cl synthesis/combustion: 4Li + O 2 2Li 2 O 200. single replacement: 3H 2 SO 4 + 2Al Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 3H synthesis: 2Fe + 3Cl 2 2FeCl double replacement: H 2 CO 3 + Ba(NO 3 ) 2 2HNO 3 + BaCO 3 Nature of Science 203. science 204. science 205. technology 206. technology 207. Adding salt makes the water boil at a higher temperature Adding salt to water does cause it to boil at a higher temperature Joe correctly tested a single variable and ran repeated trials, but he did not have a control (water without salt) for comparison dependent variable-boiling temperature, independent variable-amount of salt 211. wear goggles, tie hair back, no horseplay, etc g/cm g 214. mm (millimeters) 215. kg (kilograms) 216. ml (milliliters) 217. metric ruler / graduated cylinder metric ruler kg cm

7 dm cm ml g/cm 3

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