2. In which part of a main sequence star does nuclear fusion take place? A corona B photosphere C convective zone D radiative zone *E core

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1 1 1. Which spectral type of star, among those listed has the coolest (lowest temperature) surface? *A spectral type M B spectral type B C spectral type A D spectral type G E It cannot be determined with only the information given. 2. In which part of a main sequence star does nuclear fusion take place? A corona B photosphere C convective zone D radiative zone *E core 3. Which of the following best represents the sequence of events in the life of a star like the Sun? A gaseous nebula, protostar, White Dwarf, Main Sequence star, Red Giant, Planetary Nebula *B gaseous nebula, protostar, Main Sequence star, Red Giant, Planetary Nebula, White Dwarf C gaseous nebula, protostar, Main Sequence star, Planetary Nebula, White Dwarf, Red Giant D gaseous nebula, protostar, Red Giant, Planetary Nebula, Main Sequence star, White Dwarf E gaseous nebula, White Dwarf, protostar, Main Sequence star, Red Giant, Planetary Nebula 4. The following are apparent magnitudes of stars. Which represents the brightest star in our skies of those listed? A 5.0 B 0.0 C 2.0 *D -2.0 E You cannot determine this fact from apparent magnitudes. 5. The following are absolute magnitudes of stars. Which represents the brightest star in our skies of those listed? A 5.0 B 28.0 C 2.0 D 0.1 *E You cannot determine this fact from absolute magnitudes.

2 2 6. Of the following, the H-R Diagram is best described as a plot of stars' A surface temperature vs. radius B core temperature vs. radius *C surface temperature vs. absolute magnitude D surface temperature vs. core temperature E diameter vs. temperature 7. Which cosmological era represents the earliest of all listed, closest to the big bang itself? A Cambrian Era B Degenerate Dark Era C Matter Era D Radiation Era *E Vacuum Era 8. The layers of the atmosphere that are found on Earth today, in the proper order, from closest to the surface to farthest from the surface are A mesosphere, thermosphere, troposphere, stratosphere B stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, troposphere C troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, stratosphere D thermosphere, mesosphere, troposphere, stratosphere *E troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere 9. The current nebular condensation theory of the formation of the planets in our solar system DOES NOT explain which of the following? A The abundance of chemical elements in the Solar System. B The reason that heavier elements are found mostly in the Terrestrial Planets. C The reason that the Jovian planets are more massive. D A, B and C are not explained. *E A, B, and C above are explained by the current formation theory 10. The most massive of stars (> 10 Solar masses), end their lives as A White Dwarfs B Neutron Stars *C Black Holes D Planetary nebulae E any of the above is possible 11. Doppler-shift observations are the primary evidence of A the existence of black holes. *B the expansion of the universe. C the existence of pulsars. D the variation of the speed of light. E the Einstein photoelectric effect.

3 3 12. In accordance with the Big Bang theory of the formation of the universe, which of the following is true? A The Matter Era exists without radiation because it occurred later. B The Vacuum Era occurred after the Matter Era. C The Degenerate Dark Era occurs before the Vacuum Era. *D There were no particles of matter in existence prior to the Radiation Era. E All of the above are true regarding the Big Bang theory. 13. There is evidence that a very large asteroid, similar in size to Mars, impacted the Earth billions of years ago and caused the formation of A the planet Venus B the asteroid belt C the planet Mars D the planet Mercury *E the Moon 14. What does the spectrum of a planet or moon with an atmosphere reveal? *A the chemical composition of the planet or moon s atmosphere B the mass of the planet or moon C the size of the planet or moon D the composition of the interior of the planet or moon E the period of the orbit of the planet or moon 15. The most common rock that dominates the Earth's crust is A sedimentary rock B metamorphic rock *C igneous rock D all of the above equally E None of the above is correct 16. Which type of rock is formed from the other types of rock after suffering extreme conditions of heat and pressure in the Earth s crust? A sedimentary rock *B metamorphic rock C igneous rock D mineral E None of the above is correct 17. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the processes of compaction and A pressurization B melting *C cementation D heating, but not melting E none of the above

4 4 18. According to the plate tectonics theory, seafloor spreading takes place at a A convergent boundary B subduction zone *C divergent boundary D transform boundary E None of the above 19. The evidence that the Earth's core is part liquid or acts like a liquid comes from A P-wave shadow zone *B S-wave shadow zone C meteorites D volcanoes E All of the above 20. What best describes the direct cause of most earthquakes? A Gravitational pull on bedrock by the Moon. B Deposition of sediment in lakes and oceans. *C Movement of bedrock along a fault line. D Heat exchange between the crust and the atmosphere. E Realignment of the differential rotation of the inner and outer core. 21. The half-life of a radioactive substance is mainly controlled by the A amount of the substance *B composition of the substance C pressure acting on the substance D temperature acting on the substance E All of the above 22. The geologic time scale identifies major blocks of time in the Earth's past largely by *A major worldwide extinctions of life on Earth B the beginning of radioactive decay of certain unstable elements C measuring reversals in the Earth's magnetic field D measuring the solar cycle E detecting changes in the Earth s rotation rate over time 23. The solar radiation that does reach the Earth's surface A is eventually radiated back to space. B shows up as an increase in temperature in the Earth s atmosphere. C is re-radiated at different wavelengths than it receives. *D All of the above are correct. E None of the above is correct.

5 5 24. Without adding or removing any water vapor, a sample of air experiencing an increase in temperature will have A a higher relative humidity *B a lower relative humidity C the same relative humidity D the same absolute humidity E All of the above are possible 25. The average temperature of a location is made more even (temperatures are moderated) by the influence of *A a large body of water B elevation C nearby mountains D dry air E None of the above have this effect 26. The cross section below shows the distribution of earthquake waves as they travel through Earth s interior. The arrows within Earth s interior represent the pathways followed by some earthquake waves. Which types of earthquake waves will most probably be detected in zones A and B? A. Zone A: P-waves, only; zone B: S-waves, only *B. Zone A: P-waves, only; zone B: no P- nor S-waves C. Zone A: S-waves, only; zone B: P-waves, only D. Zone A: S-waves, only; zone B: no P- or S-waves E. None of the above statements is true.

6 6 27. The time line below represents the geologic history of Earth. Letters A, B, C, and D represent specific times in Earth s history. Which letter best indicates approximately when dinosaurs became extinct? *A. A B. B C. C D. D E. None of the above approximates when dinosaurs became extinct. 28. Which cross-sectional diagram of Earth s asthenosphere (mantle nearest crust) best shows the convection currents that would cause crustal plate X to drift away from crustal plate Y? A. *B. 1 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. None of the above.

7 7 29. Which of the following indicates the mantle of the Earth? A *B C D E None of the above. 30. Given Kepler s Third Law of Planetary Motion (p 2 = a 3 ), if you know the orbital period of a planet, what can be calculated directly using only this information? A The temperature of the planet. B The diameter of the planet. C The mass of the planet. *D The mean distance of the planet from the Sun. E None of the above can be calculated directly, more information is needed. 31. Which of the following planets listed has a ring system? A Jupiter B Saturn C Uranus D Neptune *E All of the above 32. Which of the following planets listed is most dense? A Jupiter B Saturn *C Earth D Mercury E Venus

8 8 33. Which of the following planets listed below is least dense? A Mars B Earth *C Jupiter D Venus E Mercury 34. Which of the following planets listed is smallest in size? A Earth B Uranus C Neptune D Saturn *E Mars 35. Which of the following planets listed is least massive? *A Mars B Venus C Earth D Neptune E Uranus 36. What will a star like our Sun, end up as, in the final phase of its life cycle (of those listed)? A a black hole B a neutron star C a pulsar D a red dwarf *E The Sun cannot end up as any of the above alternatives. 37. A newspaper report indicates that a scientist has discovered a soap opera within an artificially modulated radio signal from a planet around a massive blue giant star 4500 light years away. Why should you be skeptical of this report immediately? A Because the star is so far away, the scientist could not have the time to receive the radio signals from such a planet. B Because the star is so close that we should have received radio signals from the planet years ago. C Because the radio signals cannot penetrate the Earth s atmosphere from D outer space. Because we are able to hear radio waves, this should have been discovered long ago. *E Because massive blue giant stars do not live long enough for life to have evolved on such a planet, let alone intelligent life to transmit radio signals.

9 9 38. Using the following, a type of an H-R diagram, at what location on this graph would you find our Sun in about 8 billion years from now? *A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4 E The following are a few of the molecules found in the human body: NH 2 CH 2 COOH (glycine), CH 3 CH 2 OH (ethanol), and CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COOH (stearic acid). The bonds these molecules form are. A. esoteric B. metallic C. ionic *D. covalent E. nuclear 40. Choose the pair of terms that correctly completes this sentence: Amino acids are to as nucleic acids are to. *A. proteins; polynucleotides B. amine groups; polypeptides C. polypeptides; carbohydrates D. genes; enzymes E. polymers; polypeptides 41. The number of bonds between the carbon atoms in acetylene C 2 H 2 is. A. one B. two *C. three D. four E. none of the above

10 After a polypeptide is assembled, it can exhibit a number of three dimensional changes that are referred to as. A. configuration B. consternation C. assembly logistics *D. conformation 43. The structure below is for alanine, which is one of the. COOH H 2 N C H A. fatty acids B. starch C. carbohydrates D. lipids *E. amino acids CH Although there are a number of carbohydrates, the molecular formula for a carbohydrate can be recognized by the presence of. A. hydroxyl group B. carbon skeleton C. equal number of C and H atoms D. equal number of H and O atoms *E. equal number of C and O atoms and twice as many H atoms 45. The following is the formula for ethylene: H H C = C H H This type of form is a formula. *A. structural B. carbonized C. molecular D. mechanized E. lobotomized

11 Fatty acids and glycerols are part of A Carbohydrates B Proteins C Nucleic Acids *D Lipids E Fatty acids and glycerols are found in all of the above macromolecules. 47. The following is a typical hydrocarbon whose carbon skeleton is a/an. C C C C C A. aromatic B. ester *C. chain D. cyclic E. none of the above 48. One of the principal explanations for the array of carbon macromolecules with a diversity of functional properties is the presence of. A. isomers B. carbon atoms in the solar system *C. functional groups D. covalent bonds E. none of the above 49. In your chemical analysis of a lipid, you determine that the carbon to carbon bond at site number 9 of the lipid is a double covalent bond, thus making this lipid. A. an ester B. saturated *C. unsaturated D. fatigued E. all of the above 50. Which one of the following is NOT important in carbon serving as the centerpiece of the biochemistry of living systems? *A. carbon is a small atom in terms of molecular weight B. C-C bonds are covalent C. carbon has four valence electrons D. carbon is one of the most common elements in our solar system E. all of the above