Astronomy. physics.wm.edu/~hancock/171/ A. Dayle Hancock. Small 239. Office hours: MTWR 10-11am

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Astronomy. physics.wm.edu/~hancock/171/ A. Dayle Hancock. Small 239. Office hours: MTWR 10-11am"

Transcription

1 Astronomy A. Dayle Hancock Small 239 Office hours: MTWR 10-11am Planetology II Key characteristics Chemical elements and planet size Radioactive dating Solar system formation Solar nebula and planet formation Terrestrial planet formation Jovian planet formation Exoplanets physics.wm.edu/~hancock/171/ 1

2 Key Properties of the Solar System 2

3 Cosmic Abundance of Chemical Elements The 'Big Bang' that created the universe created mainly hydrogen with small amounts of He and Li Hydrogen and helium comprise 71% and 27% respectively of the universe by mass. All the other elements from lithium to uranium make up only 2% of the universe. Both the solar system and the entire universe have the same composition. 3

4 Cosmic Abundance of Chemical Elements Stars 'burn' hydrogen into He and other light elements. As stars age, they eject particles out into space. These dust particles contain the lighter elements up to iron (Fe). The lighter elements are spread throughout the interstellar medium. 4

5 Cosmic Abundance of Chemical Elements Some massive stars explode in a supernova at the end of their lives. Supernovas produce all the elements heavier than iron (Fe) up to uranium (U). These elements are dispersed into the interstellar medium from supernovas. This image is of a supernova that exploded in The remnants of the explosion are the Crab nebula. 5

6 Cosmic Abundance of Chemical Elements Note the log scale on the vertical axis Different elements are made in different ways in the fusion (burning) process in stars and in supernova explosions. The abundance of H and He explains why the Jovian planets are large while the rarity of elements lik Si, Al, Na and C explain why the terrestrial planets are small. 6

7 How Old is the Solar System? Radioactive Dating Some atoms that occur naturally are not stable They eventually decay into other types of atoms > > > Radioactive atoms decay into daughter atoms For instance, radioactive Potassium decays into daugher atoms Calcium and Argon Rate of radioactive decay is constant, and provides a natural clock. 7

8 Radioactive Dating Different radioactive isotopes can be used to date time periods. 40K and 238U can date rocks to billions of years. The oldest rocks found on the Earth and Moon are about 4 billion years old. These are from when the Earth's surface cold enough to be solid. Meteorites (small parts of asteroids that fall to earth) are dated at 4.5 billion. 8 Meteorites are thought to be as old as the solar system

9 Nebular Hypothesis The Birth of the Solar System A spherical, rotating cloud of gas and dust collapses under the influence of gravity. The gas and dust pulls into a flattened rapidly rotating disk. The disk is rapidly rotating because of angular momentum conservation. In the center with the largest concentration of gas and dust is the protosun. The disk will eventually form the planets. 9

10 Nebular Hypothesis - Formation of the Sun As the gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust continues to fall toward the center it heats up because gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of the colliding gas and dust is converted to heat. The Protosun continues to contract and heat up until nuclear fusion occurs in the hydrogen. The fusion starts when the temperature reaches around 10 million Kelvin. This produces additional heat and pressure which eventually balance the contraction due to gravity. 10

11 Nebular Hypothesis - Formation of the Planets When you look at regions where new stars are being born, you see the star surrounded by the protoplanetary disk. This Hubble image is a region in the Orion Nebula. 11

12 Nebular Hypothesis Protoplanetary Disk Before the protosun starts fusion and warms the protoplanetary disk, the low pressure and temperature cause small crystal of ice and other solid material to form small dust grains. Liquid water can not exist in these conditions. 12

13 The Snow Line in the Solar Nebula As fusion in the protosun warms the protoplanetary disk, the water ice will melt and be dispersed leaving mainly rocky material like silicon compounds and metals like iron which do not melt in the higher temperatures. The melting line or 'snow line' is between the current location of Mars and Jupiter. Beyond the snow line water freezes into ice. Between Saturn and Uranus, methane (CH4) freezes into ice. Hydrogen and Helium do not freeze or condense at any temperature 13

14 Terrestrial and Jovian Planets In the warmer region inside of the snow line, the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) form mainly out of rocky material and metals. Water, methane and ammonia (NH3) remained a gas (or possibly a liquid) In the colder region outside of the snow line, water ice (and further out methane ice), hydrogen and helium form the Jovian planets. 14

15 Planetesimals and Protoplanets The small dust grains of the protoplanetary disk collide over time and stick together under the influence of electric forces. Over millions of years these small object coalesce into billions of asteroid size planetesimal held together by gravity. These planetesimal collide and form protoplanets. Over hundreds of millions of years protoplanets form planets. Our Moon may have formed from one of the later collisions of a newly forming Earth with another large protoplanet. 15

16 Formation of the Outer Solar System Beyond the snow line there was more material because of the frozen ices. It is thought a large 'seed' Jupiter formed (~10 Earth masses). The gravity of the early Jupiter was large enough to capture H and He from the protoplanetary disk. This process is called the core accretion model. 16

17 Formation of the Outer Solar System Further out from the Sun, Saturn would have formed in a similar way. Jupiter and Saturn would have had a disk surrounding them. These would have formed the numerous moons. Uranus and Neptune would have formed further out where there were even more frozen gases, e.g. methane. 17

18 Inward Migration of the Jupiter As Jupiter grew large by accreting H and He and even before the terrestrial planets formed, gravity pulled it closer to the sun. Computer models suggest Jupiter's orbit moved as close as 1.5 AU from the Sun. This is about the current orbital location of Mars. This deflected many of the planetesimals from this orbital region. This may also account for the relatively smaller mass of Mars. At the same time, Jupiter may have pulled colder material with frozen ices inward which could account for the rock and ice composition of the asteroid belt. 18

19 Outward Migration of the Jovian Planets The 'Nice' computer model suggests the Jovian planets all formed about 20 AU from the Sun. As the early Jovian planets encountered smaller planetesimals from outside of their orbit, they received a small outward gravitational 'kick' as they deflected the planetesimals inward. Jupiter's being so massive was moved outward less than the smaller Jovian planets. Many of the planetesimals that encountered Jupiter were dispersed to remote regions of the solar system (50,000 AU) which form the Oort cloud. 19

20 Outward Migration of the Jovian Planets The outward movement of Neptune to it current location 30 AU from the Sun ejected planetesimals into the Kuiper belt. As the Jovian planets orbits changed and moved outward to their present positions, they also deflected planetesimals toward the inner solar system which let to a late heavy bombardment of the terrestrial planets 20

21 Exoplanets Exoplanets are planets that orbit stars other than our Sun. Before the 1990s, exoplanets were thought to exist but none had been detected or observed. Because stars are so far way they are very difficult to detect. Only recently that exoplanets have been observed. There are two main methods of detecting exoplanets. 21

22 The Wobbling Stars The 'astronomical method' and 'radial velocity method uses the fact that when a large planet orbits a star, the star moves around the center of mass of the star planet system just as the planet does. This causes the star to 'wobble' back and forth. It only works when the plane of the orbiting planet is edge on to the viewpoint from the Earth. 22

23 The Wobbling Stars In the 'astronomical method', the angular diameter of the star's woble Is measured. It normally take a large planet near a nearby star to measure a small angular wobble in the star. It requires very accurate measurements (0.001 arc seconds or better). In the 'radial velocity' method the Doppler shift of the spectrum of the star is observed to shift back and forth from slightly red shifted to blue shifted and back. 23

24 The Wobbling Stars The radial velocity measurement of 51 Pegasi show both the period (and from Kepler's law the semimajor axis) and an estimate of the magnitude of the planets mass. This was the first exoplanet to be discovered around a star. The planet is ½ the mass of Jupiter and orbits at 0.05 AU in 4.23 days! 24

25 The Transit Method 25

26 The Transit Method The transit method require the planet's orbit to be edge-on (only about 0.4% of planets). With the transit method, we can get more information about the planet than from the other methods. The amount by which the star is dimmed during the transit depends on the size of the planet. If the planet has an atmosphere, the light passing through the atmosphere gives an absorption spectrum indicating the composition. Since the planet emits infrared radiation of its own, when the planet is behind the star the total infrared radiation is decreased. This can be used to determine the temperature of the planet. 26

27 Kepler space telescope in orbit around the Sun Kepler has released data over two years of observations (has collected over 4 years) Looks at a patch of sky near edge of the Milky Way Uses the transit method Responsible for the majority of discovered planets > But large false positive rate Only sensitive to orbits less than about 1.5 years and most sensitive to larger planets Recently failed 27

28 Data from Kepler Kepler was was designed to detect Earth sized planets that were in the habitable zone or 'Goldilocks zone' (not too hot and not too cold) Liquid water could exist on such a planet which opens the possibility of like existing on such an exoplanet.

29 Known Exoplanets The Kepler data analysis estimates that about 5.4% of stars in the Milky Way have Earth like planets and that 17% of stars have multiple planet system. Over 2000 exoplanets have been discoved. 29

30 Microlensing Gaia is ESA satellite mission to chart a three-dimensional map of our Galaxy, the Milky Way, in the process revealing the composition, formation and evolution of our Galaxy. The Gaia data can be used to search for exoplanets using gravitational 'microlensing'. Gaia went into orbit one year ago and expect to observe 1 billion stars 30

Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System. Chapter Eight

Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System. Chapter Eight Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System Chapter Eight ASTR 111 003 Fall 2007 Lecture 07 Oct. 15, 2007 Introduction To Modern Astronomy I: Solar System Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6)

More information

Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System. Chapter Eight

Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System. Chapter Eight Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System Chapter Eight ASTR 111 003 Fall 2007 Lecture 06 Oct. 09, 2007 Introduction To Modern Astronomy I: Solar System Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6)

More information

Chapter 8 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. Formation of the Solar System

Chapter 8 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. Formation of the Solar System Chapter 8 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Formation of the Solar System Formation of the Solar System 8.1 The Search for Origins Our goals for learning: Develop a theory of solar system

More information

Making a Solar System

Making a Solar System Making a Solar System Learning Objectives! What are our Solar System s broad features? Where are asteroids, comets and each type of planet? Where is most of the mass? In what direction do planets orbit

More information

Solar System Formation

Solar System Formation Solar System Formation Solar System Formation Question: How did our solar system and other planetary systems form? Comparative planetology has helped us understand Compare the differences and similarities

More information

The History of the Solar System. From cloud to Sun, planets, and smaller bodies

The History of the Solar System. From cloud to Sun, planets, and smaller bodies The History of the Solar System From cloud to Sun, planets, and smaller bodies The Birth of a Star Twenty years ago, we knew of only one star with planets the Sun and our understanding of the birth of

More information

Solar System Formation

Solar System Formation Solar System Formation Solar System Formation Question: How did our solar system and other planetary systems form? Comparative planetology has helped us understand Compare the differences and similarities

More information

Comparative Planetology I: Our Solar System

Comparative Planetology I: Our Solar System Comparative Planetology I: Our Solar System Guiding Questions 1. Are all the other planets similar to Earth, or are they very different? 2. Do other planets have moons like Earth s Moon? 3. How do astronomers

More information

Solar System Formation

Solar System Formation Solar System Formation Solar System Formation Question: How did our solar system and other planetary systems form? Comparative planetology has helped us understand Compare the differences and similarities

More information

What is it like? When did it form? How did it form. The Solar System. Fall, 2005 Astronomy 110 1

What is it like? When did it form? How did it form. The Solar System. Fall, 2005 Astronomy 110 1 What is it like? When did it form? How did it form The Solar System Fall, 2005 Astronomy 110 1 Fall, 2005 Astronomy 110 2 The planets all orbit the sun in the same direction. The Sun spins in the same

More information

9. Formation of the Solar System

9. Formation of the Solar System 9. Formation of the Solar System The evolution of the world may be compared to a display of fireworks that has just ended: some few red wisps, ashes, and smoke. Standing on a cool cinder, we see the slow

More information

What does the solar system look like?

What does the solar system look like? What does the solar system look like? The solar system exhibits clear patterns of composition and motion. These patterns are far more important and interesting than numbers, names, and other trivia. Relative

More information

Chapter 19 The Origin of the Solar System

Chapter 19 The Origin of the Solar System Chapter 19 The Origin of the Solar System Early Hypotheses catastrophic hypotheses, e.g., passing star hypothesis: Star passing closely to the the sun tore material out of the sun, from which planets could

More information

m V Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems Questions to Ponder about Solar System

m V Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems Questions to Ponder about Solar System Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems Questions to Ponder about Solar System 1 1. Are all the other planets similar to Earth, or are they very different? 2. Do other planets have moons

More information

Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems

Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems 1 Questions to Ponder 1. Are all the other planets similar to Earth, or are they very different? 2. Do other planets have moons like Earth s Moon?

More information

m V Density Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems Questions to Ponder

m V Density Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems Questions to Ponder Formation of the Solar System and Other Planetary Systems Questions to Ponder 1. Are all the other planets similar to Earth, or are they very different? 2. Do other planets have moons like Earth s Moon?

More information

The formation & evolution of solar systems

The formation & evolution of solar systems The formation & evolution of solar systems Content expectations Birth of the Solar System What did the material that eventually became the Sun and planets look like originally? Interstellar clouds like

More information

9/22/ A Brief Tour of the Solar System. Chapter 6: Formation of the Solar System. What does the solar system look like?

9/22/ A Brief Tour of the Solar System. Chapter 6: Formation of the Solar System. What does the solar system look like? 9/22/17 Lecture Outline 6.1 A Brief Tour of the Solar System Chapter 6: Formation of the Solar System What does the solar system look like? Our goals for learning: What does the solar system look like?

More information

The Big Bang Theory (page 854)

The Big Bang Theory (page 854) Name Class Date Space Homework Packet Homework #1 Hubble s Law (pages 852 853) 1. How can astronomers use the Doppler effect? 2. The shift in the light of a galaxy toward the red wavelengths is called

More information

Class 15 Formation of the Solar System

Class 15 Formation of the Solar System Class 16 Extra-solar planets The radial-velocity technique for finding extrasolar planets Other techniques for finding extrasolar planets Class 15 Formation of the Solar System What does a successful model

More information

-Melissa Greenberg, Arielle Hoffman, Zachary Feldmann, Ryan Pozin, Elizabeth Weeks, Christopher Pesota, & Sara Pilcher

-Melissa Greenberg, Arielle Hoffman, Zachary Feldmann, Ryan Pozin, Elizabeth Weeks, Christopher Pesota, & Sara Pilcher -Melissa Greenberg, Arielle Hoffman, Zachary Feldmann, Ryan Pozin, Elizabeth Weeks, Christopher Pesota, & Sara Pilcher Formation Overview All explanations as to how the solar system was formed are only

More information

HW #2. Solar Nebular Theory. Predictions: Young stars have disks. Disks contain gas & dust. Solar System should contain disk remnants

HW #2. Solar Nebular Theory. Predictions: Young stars have disks. Disks contain gas & dust. Solar System should contain disk remnants Astronomy 330: Extraterrestrial Life This class (Lecture 9): Next Class: Planet Formation Zachary Brewer Quinn Calvert Exoplanets Itamar Allali Brian Campbell-Deem HW #3 due Sunday night. Music: Another

More information

Formation of the Solar System Chapter 8

Formation of the Solar System Chapter 8 Formation of the Solar System Chapter 8 To understand the formation of the solar system one has to apply concepts such as: Conservation of angular momentum Conservation of energy The theory of the formation

More information

The History of the Earth

The History of the Earth The History of the Earth We have talked about how the universe and sun formed, but what about the planets and moons? Review: Origin of the Universe The universe began about 13.7 billion years ago The Big

More information

The Solar System consists of

The Solar System consists of The Universe The Milky Way Galaxy, one of billions of other galaxies in the universe, contains about 400 billion stars and countless other objects. Why is it called the Milky Way? Welcome to your Solar

More information

Astro 1: Introductory Astronomy

Astro 1: Introductory Astronomy Astro 1: Introductory Astronomy David Cohen Class 16: Thursday, March 20 Spring 2014 large cloud of interstellar gas and dust - giving birth to millions of stars Hubble Space Telescope: Carina Nebula

More information

The Coriolis effect. Why does the cloud spin? The Solar Nebula. Origin of the Solar System. Gravitational Collapse

The Coriolis effect. Why does the cloud spin? The Solar Nebula. Origin of the Solar System. Gravitational Collapse Origin of the Solar System Our theory must explain the data 1. Large bodies in the Solar System have orderly motions. 2. There are two types of planets. small, rocky terrestrial planets large, hydrogen-rich

More information

Universe Celestial Object Galaxy Solar System

Universe Celestial Object Galaxy Solar System ASTRONOMY Universe- Includes all known matter (everything). Celestial Object Any object outside or above Earth s atmosphere. Galaxy- A large group (billions) of stars (held together by gravity). Our galaxy

More information

Chapter Outline. Earth and Other Planets. The Formation of the Solar System. Clue #1: Planetary Orbits. Clues to the Origin of the Solar System

Chapter Outline. Earth and Other Planets. The Formation of the Solar System. Clue #1: Planetary Orbits. Clues to the Origin of the Solar System Chapter Outline Earth and Other Planets The Formation of the Solar System Exploring the Solar System Chapter 16 Great Idea: Earth, one of the planets that orbit the Sun, formed 4.5 billion years ago from

More information

Chapter 15: The Origin of the Solar System

Chapter 15: The Origin of the Solar System Chapter 15: The Origin of the Solar System The Solar Nebula Hypothesis Basis of modern theory of planet formation: Planets form at the same time from the same cloud as the star. Planet formation sites

More information

Astronomy 1504 Section 10 Final Exam Version 1 May 6, 1999

Astronomy 1504 Section 10 Final Exam Version 1 May 6, 1999 Astronomy 1504 Section 10 Final Exam Version 1 May 6, 1999 Reminder: When I write these questions, I believe that there is one one correct answer. The questions consist of all parts a e. Read the entire

More information

Formation of the Solar System. What We Know. What We Know

Formation of the Solar System. What We Know. What We Know Formation of the Solar System Many of the characteristics of the planets we discussed last week are a direct result of how the Solar System formed Until recently, theories for solar system formation were

More information

Today. Solar System Formation. a few more bits and pieces. Homework due

Today. Solar System Formation. a few more bits and pieces. Homework due Today Solar System Formation a few more bits and pieces Homework due Pluto Charon 3000 km Asteroids small irregular rocky bodies Comets icy bodies Formation of the Solar System How did these things come

More information

http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c201_winter/ http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c201_winter/ Neutron Proton Nucleosynthesis neutron!! electron!+!proton!!=!!é!!+!h +!! t 1/2 =!12!minutes H + +!neutron!! Deuterium!(D)

More information

Origin of the Solar System

Origin of the Solar System Solar nebula Formation of planetismals Formation of terrestrial planets Origin of the Solar System Announcements There will be another preceptor-led study group Wednesday at 10:30AM in room 330 of Kuiper

More information

Chapter 8 Formation of the Solar System

Chapter 8 Formation of the Solar System Chapter 8 Formation of the Solar System SUMMARY OF STAGES IN FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM STARTING POINT: A ROTATING SPHERICAL NEBULA with atoms made by Galactic recycling 1-GRAVITATIONAL CONTRACTION AND

More information

Radioactive Dating. U238>Pb206. Halflife: Oldest earth rocks. Meteors and Moon rocks. 4.5 billion years billion years

Radioactive Dating. U238>Pb206. Halflife: Oldest earth rocks. Meteors and Moon rocks. 4.5 billion years billion years U238>Pb206 Halflife: 4.5 billion years Oldest earth rocks 3.96 billion years Meteors and Moon rocks 4.6 billion years This is the time they solidified The solar system is older than this. Radioactive Dating

More information

HNRS 227 Fall 2006 Chapter 13. What is Pluto? What is a Planet? There are two broad categories of planets: Terrestrial and Jovian

HNRS 227 Fall 2006 Chapter 13. What is Pluto? What is a Planet? There are two broad categories of planets: Terrestrial and Jovian Key Points of Chapter 13 HNRS 227 Fall 2006 Chapter 13 The Solar System presented by Prof. Geller 24 October 2006 Planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Dwarf Planets Pluto,

More information

1star 1 star 9 8 planets 63 (major) moons asteroids, comets, meteoroids

1star 1 star 9 8 planets 63 (major) moons asteroids, comets, meteoroids The Solar System 1star 1 star 9 8 planets 63 (major) moons asteroids, comets, meteoroids The distances to planets are known from Kepler s Laws (once calibrated with radar ranging to Venus) How are planet

More information

Section 25.1 Exploring the Solar System (pages )

Section 25.1 Exploring the Solar System (pages ) Name Class Date Chapter 25 The Solar System Section 25.1 Exploring the Solar System (pages 790 794) This section explores early models of our solar system. It describes the components of the solar system

More information

Our Planetary System & the Formation of the Solar System

Our Planetary System & the Formation of the Solar System Our Planetary System & the Formation of the Solar System Chapters 7 & 8 Comparative Planetology We learn about the planets by comparing them and assessing their similarities and differences Similarities

More information

What is Earth Science?

What is Earth Science? What is Earth Science? A.EARTH SCIENCE: the study of Earth and its history B. Earth science is divided into 4 main branches: 1. Geology: study of the lithosphere 2. Oceanography: study of oceans 3. Meteorology:

More information

Origins and Formation of the Solar System

Origins and Formation of the Solar System Origins and Formation of the Solar System 312-1 Describe theories on the formation of the solar system Smash, crash and bang The solar system is big, and big things have big origins A history of ideas

More information

Astronomy 1 Winter Lecture 11; January

Astronomy 1 Winter Lecture 11; January Astronomy 1 Winter 2011 Lecture 11; January 31 2011 Previously on Astro-1 Properties of the Planets: Orbits in the same plane and direction Inner planets are small and made of heavy elements Outer planets

More information

LESSON topic: formation of the solar system Solar system formation Star formation Models of the solar system Planets in our solar system

LESSON topic: formation of the solar system Solar system formation Star formation Models of the solar system Planets in our solar system Unit 2 Lesson 1 LESSON topic: formation of the solar system - Solar system formation - Star formation - Models of the solar system - Planets in our solar system Big bang theory Origin of the universe According

More information

2/24/2014. Early Earth (Hadean) Early Earth. Terms. Chondrule Chondrite Hadean Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Fusion Supernova

2/24/2014. Early Earth (Hadean) Early Earth. Terms. Chondrule Chondrite Hadean Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Fusion Supernova Early (Hadean) Early Terms Chondrule Chondrite Hadean Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Fusion Supernova Hadean Time Nucleosynthesis The elements H, He, and traces of Li were formed in the original Big Bang. Latest

More information

1 A Solar System Is Born

1 A Solar System Is Born CHAPTER 16 1 A Solar System Is Born SECTION Our Solar System California Science Standards 8.2.g, 8.4.b, 8.4.c, 8.4.d BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions:

More information

Astronomy 103: First Exam

Astronomy 103: First Exam Name: Astronomy 103: First Exam Stephen Lepp October 27, 2010 Each question is worth 2 points. Write your name on this exam and on the scantron. 1 Short Answer A. What is the largest of the terrestrial

More information

on it, can still ripen a bunch of grapes as though it had nothing else in the Universe to do. Galileo Galilei

on it, can still ripen a bunch of grapes as though it had nothing else in the Universe to do. Galileo Galilei The Sun, with all the planets revolving around it, and depending on it, can still ripen a bunch of grapes as though it had nothing else in the Universe to do. Galileo Galilei What We Will Learn Today Where

More information

Agenda. International Space Station (ISS) International Space Station (ISS) Can we see light from first stars? 9. Formation of the Solar System

Agenda. International Space Station (ISS) International Space Station (ISS) Can we see light from first stars? 9. Formation of the Solar System 9. Formation of the Solar System The evolution of the world may be compared to a display of fireworks that has just ended: some few red wisps, ashes, and smoke. Standing on a cool cinder, we see the slow

More information

Planets: Name Distance from Sun Satellites Year Day Mercury 0.4AU yr 60 days Venus yr 243 days* Earth 1 1 yr 1 day Mars 1.

Planets: Name Distance from Sun Satellites Year Day Mercury 0.4AU yr 60 days Venus yr 243 days* Earth 1 1 yr 1 day Mars 1. The Solar System (Ch. 6 in text) We will skip from Ch. 6 to Ch. 15, only a survey of the solar system, the discovery of extrasolar planets (in more detail than the textbook), and the formation of planetary

More information

Chapter 19 Origin of the Solar System

Chapter 19 Origin of the Solar System Foundations of Astronomy 13e Seeds Phys1411 Introductory Astronomy Instructor: Dr. Goderya Foundations of Astronomy 13e Seeds Chapter 19 Origin of the Solar System Topics for this Class I. Survey of Solar

More information

! Group project! a)! 65% b)! 70% c)! 75% d)! 80% e)! 85%

! Group project! a)! 65% b)! 70% c)! 75% d)! 80% e)! 85% This Class (Lecture 6): More Asteroids Next Class: Dino-Killers HW1 due on Sun. Last day to go to the Nat History Building before deadline. Music: The Day Lassie Went to the Moon Camper van Beethoven!

More information

Formation of the Solar System

Formation of the Solar System Formation of the Solar System What theory best explains the features of our solar system? The nebular theory states that our solar system formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant interstellar

More information

see disks around new stars in Orion nebula where planets are probably being formed 3

see disks around new stars in Orion nebula where planets are probably being formed 3 Planet Formation contracting cloud forms stars swirling disk of material around forming star (H, He, C, O, heavier elements, molecules, dust ) form planets New born star heats up material, blows away solar

More information

WHAT WE KNOW. Scientists observe that every object in the universe is moving away from each other. Objects furthest away are moving the fastest. So..

WHAT WE KNOW. Scientists observe that every object in the universe is moving away from each other. Objects furthest away are moving the fastest. So.. ASTRONOMY THE BIG BANG THEORY WHAT WE KNOW Scientists observe that every object in the universe is moving away from each other. Objects furthest away are moving the fastest. So.. WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? If

More information

8. Solar System Origins

8. Solar System Origins 8. Solar System Origins Chemical composition of the galaxy The solar nebula Planetary accretion Extrasolar planets Our Galaxy s Chemical Composition es Big Bang produced hydrogen & helium Stellar processes

More information

The Formation of the Solar System

The Formation of the Solar System The Formation of the Solar System Basic Facts to be explained : 1. Each planet is relatively isolated in space. 2. Orbits nearly circular. 3. All roughly orbit in the same plane. 4. Planets are all orbiting

More information

Which of the following statements best describes the general pattern of composition among the four jovian

Which of the following statements best describes the general pattern of composition among the four jovian Part A Which of the following statements best describes the general pattern of composition among the four jovian planets? Hint A.1 Major categories of ingredients in planetary composition The following

More information

Outline 8: History of the Universe and Solar System

Outline 8: History of the Universe and Solar System Outline 8: History of the Universe and Solar System The Andromeda Galaxy One of hundreds of billions of galaxies, each with hundreds of billions of stars A warped spiral galaxy, 150 MLY away and 100,000

More information

The Solar Nebula Theory

The Solar Nebula Theory Reading: Chap. 21, Sect.21.1, 21.3 Final Exam: Tuesday, December 12; 4:30-6:30PM Homework 10: Due in recitation Dec. 1,4 Astro 120 Fall 2017: Lecture 25 page 1 Astro 120 Fall 2017: Lecture 25 page 2 The

More information

A star is a massive sphere of gases with a core like a thermonuclear reactor. They are the most common celestial bodies in the universe are stars.

A star is a massive sphere of gases with a core like a thermonuclear reactor. They are the most common celestial bodies in the universe are stars. A star is a massive sphere of gases with a core like a thermonuclear reactor. They are the most common celestial bodies in the universe are stars. They radiate energy (electromagnetic radiation) from a

More information

Moon Obs #1 Due! Moon visible: early morning through afternoon. 6 more due June 13 th. 15 total due June 25 th. Final Report Due June 28th

Moon Obs #1 Due! Moon visible: early morning through afternoon. 6 more due June 13 th. 15 total due June 25 th. Final Report Due June 28th Moon Obs #1 Due! Moon visible: early morning through afternoon 6 more due June 13 th 15 total due June 25 th Final Report Due June 28th Our Solar System Objectives Overview of what is in our solar system

More information

Formation of the Universe

Formation of the Universe A. The Universe 1. 2. 3. How did the universe begin? Only one exists or are there more? Composed of space and 100 billion galaxies A galaxy is a grouping of millions or billions of stars kept together

More information

Brooks Observatory telescope observing this week

Brooks Observatory telescope observing this week Brooks Observatory telescope observing this week Mon. - Thurs., 7:30 9:15 PM MW, 7:30 8:45 PM TR See the class web page for weather updates. This evening s session is cancelled. Present your blue ticket

More information

Why are Saturn s rings confined to a thin plane? 1. Tidal forces 2. Newton s 1st law 3. Conservation of energy 4. Conservation of angular momentum

Why are Saturn s rings confined to a thin plane? 1. Tidal forces 2. Newton s 1st law 3. Conservation of energy 4. Conservation of angular momentum Announcements Astro 101, 12/2/08 Formation of the Solar System (text unit 33) Last OWL homework: late this week or early next week Final exam: Monday, Dec. 15, 10:30 AM, Hasbrouck 20 Saturn Moons Rings

More information

Lecture Outlines. Chapter 15. Astronomy Today 7th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture Outlines. Chapter 15. Astronomy Today 7th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outlines Chapter 15 Astronomy Today 7th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Chapter 15 The Formation of Planetary Systems Units of Chapter 15 15.1 Modeling Planet Formation 15.2 Terrestrial and Jovian Planets

More information

Astronomy Study Guide Answer Key

Astronomy Study Guide Answer Key Astronomy Study Guide Answer Key Section 1: The Universe 1. Cosmology is the study of how the universe is arranged. 2. Identify the type of cosmology a. The sun is the center of the Universe Heliocentric

More information

http://eps.mcgill.ca/~courses/c220/ Nucleosynthesis neutron electron + proton = é + H + t 1/2 = 12 minutes H + + neutron Deuterium (D) 2 H + + neutrons Helium (He) 3 H + + neutrons Lithium (Li) From: W.S.

More information

Introduction to Astronomy

Introduction to Astronomy Introduction to Astronomy Have you ever wondered what is out there in space besides Earth? As you see the stars and moon, many questions come up with the universe, possibility of living on another planet

More information

Origin of the Solar System

Origin of the Solar System Origin of the Solar System Look for General Properties Dynamical Regularities Orbits in plane, nearly circular Orbit sun in same direction (CCW from N.P.) Rotation Axes to orbit plane (Sun & most planets;

More information

Astronomy 230 Section 1 MWF B6 Eng Hall. Outline. Star Formation. The Protostar Stage. Gravity, Spin, & Magnetic Fields

Astronomy 230 Section 1 MWF B6 Eng Hall. Outline. Star Formation. The Protostar Stage. Gravity, Spin, & Magnetic Fields Astronomy 230 Section 1 MWF 1400-1450 106 B6 Eng Hall This Class (Lecture 7): Planet Formation and Next Class: Extrasolar Planets Oral Presentation Decisions! Deadline is Feb 6 th. Outline Star formation

More information

Evolution of the Atmosphere: The Biological Connection

Evolution of the Atmosphere: The Biological Connection Evolution of the Atmosphere: The Biological Connection The Earth s Four Spheres How It All Began Or At Least How We Think It Began O.k. it s a good guess Egg of energy The Big Bang splattered radiation

More information

Earth Science 11 Learning Guide Unit Complete the following table with information about the sun:

Earth Science 11 Learning Guide Unit Complete the following table with information about the sun: Earth Science 11 Learning Guide Unit 2 Name: 2-1 The sun 1. Complete the following table with information about the sun: a. Mass compare to the Earth: b. Temperature of the gases: c. The light and heat

More information

The History of the Earth

The History of the Earth The History of the Earth Origin of the Universe The universe began about 13.9 billion years ago According to Big Bang theory almost all matter was in the form of energy E = MC 2 E = energy, M = mass and

More information

1. Cosmology is the study of. a. The sun is the center of the Universe. b. The Earth is the center of the Universe

1. Cosmology is the study of. a. The sun is the center of the Universe. b. The Earth is the center of the Universe Section 1: The Universe 1. Cosmology is the study of. 2. Identify the type of cosmology a. The sun is the center of the Universe b. The Earth is the center of the Universe 3. The two most abundant gases

More information

Test 2 Result: Sec 1. To see the scantron & problem set, contact the TA: Mr. He Gao

Test 2 Result: Sec 1. To see the scantron & problem set, contact the TA: Mr. He Gao Test 2 Result: Sec 1 Column Statistics for: Test2 Count: 103 Average: 31.4 Median: 32.0 Maximum: 46.0 Minimum: 10.0 Standard Deviation: 7.94 To see the scantron & problem set, contact the TA: Mr. He Gao

More information

Astro 1010 Planetary Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 3

Astro 1010 Planetary Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 3 Astro 1010 Planetary Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 3 Chapter 6 1. Which of the following statements is false? a) Refraction is the bending of light when it passes from one medium to another. b) Mirrors

More information

Lecture: Planetology. Part II: Solar System Planetology. A. Components of Solar System. B. Formation of Solar System. C. Xtra Solar Planets

Lecture: Planetology. Part II: Solar System Planetology. A. Components of Solar System. B. Formation of Solar System. C. Xtra Solar Planets Part II: Solar System Planetology A. Components of Solar System 2 Lecture: Planetology B. Formation of Solar System C. Xtra Solar Planets Updated: Oct 31, 2006 A. Components of Solar System 3 The Solar

More information

( ) a3 (Newton s version of Kepler s 3rd Law) Units: sec, m, kg

( ) a3 (Newton s version of Kepler s 3rd Law) Units: sec, m, kg Astronomy 18, UCSC Planets and Planetary Systems Generic Mid-Term Exam (A combination of exams from the past several times this class was taught) This exam consists of two parts: Part 1: Multiple Choice

More information

9.2 - Our Solar System

9.2 - Our Solar System 9.2 - Our Solar System Scientists describe our solar system as the Sun and all the planets and other celestial objects, such as moons, comets, and asteroids, that are held by the Sun s gravity and orbit

More information

GG101 Dynamic Earth Dr. Fletcher, POST 802A Text Fletcher, WileyPLUS

GG101 Dynamic Earth Dr. Fletcher, POST 802A Text Fletcher, WileyPLUS GG101 Dynamic Earth Dr. Fletcher, POST 802A fletcher@soest.hawaii.edu 956-2582 Text Fletcher, 2011 WileyPLUS Three exams, 50% total 20 to 25 homeworks, 50% total All homeworks done on-line Assignments

More information

Radiation - a process in which energy travels through vacuum (without a medium) Conduction a process in which energy travels through a medium

Radiation - a process in which energy travels through vacuum (without a medium) Conduction a process in which energy travels through a medium SOLAR SYSTEM NOTES ENERGY TRANSFERS Radiation - a process in which energy travels through vacuum (without a medium) Conduction a process in which energy travels through a medium Convection - The transfer

More information

Currently, the largest optical telescope mirrors have a diameter of A) 1 m. B) 2 m. C) 5 m. D) 10 m. E) 100 m.

Currently, the largest optical telescope mirrors have a diameter of A) 1 m. B) 2 m. C) 5 m. D) 10 m. E) 100 m. If a material is highly opaque, then it reflects most light. absorbs most light. transmits most light. scatters most light. emits most light. When light reflects off an object, what is the relation between

More information

CST Prep- 8 th Grade Astronomy

CST Prep- 8 th Grade Astronomy CST Prep- 8 th Grade Astronomy Chapter 15 (Part 1) 1. The theory of how the universe was created is called the 2. Which equation states that matter and energy are interchangeable? 3. All matter in the

More information

Astronomy 1140 Quiz 4 Review

Astronomy 1140 Quiz 4 Review Astronomy 1140 Quiz 4 Review Anil Pradhan December 6, 2016 I The Outer Planets in General 1. How do the sizes, masses and densities of the outer planets compare with the inner planets? The outer planets

More information

Origin of the Solar System

Origin of the Solar System Origin of the Solar System and Solar System Debris 1 Debris comets meteoroids asteroids gas dust 2 Asteroids irregular, rocky hunks small in mass and size Ceres - largest, 1000 km in diameter (1/3 Moon)

More information

Clicker Question: Clicker Question: Clicker Question:

Clicker Question: Clicker Question: Clicker Question: Test results Last day to drop without a grade is Feb 29 Grades posted in cabinet and online F D C B A In which direction would the Earth move if the Sun s gravitational force were suddenly removed from

More information

Astronomy. physics.wm.edu/~hancock/171/ A. Dayle Hancock. Small 239. Office hours: MTWR 10-11am. Page 1

Astronomy.  physics.wm.edu/~hancock/171/ A. Dayle Hancock. Small 239. Office hours: MTWR 10-11am. Page 1 Astronomy A. Dayle Hancock adhancock@wm.edu Small 239 Office hours: MTWR 10-11am Planetology I Terrestrial and Jovian planets Similarities/differences between planetary satellites Surface and atmosphere

More information

Origin of the Oceans I. Solar System? Copernicus. Our Solar System

Origin of the Oceans I. Solar System? Copernicus. Our Solar System Origin of the Oceans I Our Solar System Solar System? To begin our study of the oceans, we must understand why they exist. Fundamental to this question is whether every planet has oceans, and, if not,

More information

Introduction to the Universe. What makes up the Universe?

Introduction to the Universe. What makes up the Universe? Introduction to the Universe What makes up the Universe? Objects in the Universe Astrophysics is the science that tries to make sense of the universe by - describing the Universe (Astronomy) - understanding

More information

Other worlds. Innumerable suns exist;

Other worlds. Innumerable suns exist; Innumerable suns exist; Other worlds innumerable earths revolve around these suns in a manner similar to the way the seven planets revolve around our Sun. Living beings inhabit these worlds. Giordano Bruno

More information

Test Name: 09.LCW.0352.SCIENCE.GR Q1.S.THEUNIVERSE-SOLARSYSTEMHONORS Test ID: Date: 09/21/2017

Test Name: 09.LCW.0352.SCIENCE.GR Q1.S.THEUNIVERSE-SOLARSYSTEMHONORS Test ID: Date: 09/21/2017 Test Name: 09.LCW.0352.SCIENCE.GR7.2017.Q1.S.THEUNIVERSE-SOLARSYSTEMHONORS Test ID: 243920 Date: 09/21/2017 Section 1.1 - According to the Doppler Effect, what happens to the wavelength of light as galaxies

More information

Astronomy 210 Midterm #2

Astronomy 210 Midterm #2 Astronomy 210 Midterm #2 This Class (Lecture 27): Birth of the Solar System II Next Class: Exam!!!! 2 nd Hour Exam on Friday!!! Review Session on Thursday 12-1:30 in room 236 Solar Observing starts on

More information

Solar System Unit Tracking Sheet

Solar System Unit Tracking Sheet Name Period Mrs. Coates Earth Science Solar System Unit Tracking Sheet Learning Target The Solar System is 4.6 billion years old Question Example How is the age of the solar system estimated by scientists?

More information

Formation of the Universe & What is in Space? The Big Bang Theory and components of the Universe

Formation of the Universe & What is in Space? The Big Bang Theory and components of the Universe Formation of the Universe & What is in Space? The Big Bang Theory and components of the Universe The Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted scientific explanation

More information

Starting from closest to the Sun, name the orbiting planets in order.

Starting from closest to the Sun, name the orbiting planets in order. Chapter 9 Section 1: Our Solar System Solar System: The solar system includes the sun, planets and many smaller structures. A planet and its moon(s) make up smaller systems in the solar system. Scientist

More information

Our Solar System. Lesson 5. Distances Between the Sun and the Planets

Our Solar System. Lesson 5. Distances Between the Sun and the Planets Our Solar System Lesson 5 T he Solar System consists of the Sun, the Moon, planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, meteors and other celestial bodies. All these celestial bodies are bound to the Sun

More information

The Universe and Galaxies

The Universe and Galaxies The Universe and Galaxies 16.1 http://dingo.care-mail.com/cards/flash/5409/galaxy.swf Universe The sum of all matter and energy that exists, that has ever existed, and that will ever exist. We will focus

More information

Ch 23 Touring Our Solar System 23.1 The Solar System 23.2 The Terrestrial Planet 23.3 The Outer Planets 23.4 Minor Members of the Solar System

Ch 23 Touring Our Solar System 23.1 The Solar System 23.2 The Terrestrial Planet 23.3 The Outer Planets 23.4 Minor Members of the Solar System Ch 23 Touring Our Solar System 23.1 The Solar System 23.2 The Terrestrial Planet 23.3 The Outer Planets 23.4 Minor Members of the Solar System Ch 23.1 The Solar System Terrestrial planets- Small Rocky

More information