KIDS HOPE AUS. THEMED MENTOR HOUR. July 2015 AWESOME MOUNTAINS

Transcription

1 KIDS HOPE AUS. THEMED MENTOR HOUR July 2015 AWESOME MOUNTAINS WHAT ARE THE TOP TEN MOUNTAINS IN THE WORLD? The World's Highest Mountains Rank Mountain Range Country Metres 1. Everest Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 8, K2 (Mount Godwin Austen) Karakoram Pakistan/China 8, Kangchenjunga Himalayas India/Nepal 8, Lhotse Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 8, Makalu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 8, Cho Oyu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 8, Dhaulagiri Himalayas Nepal 8, Manaslu Himalayas Nepal Nanga Parbat Himalayas Pakistan 8, Annapurna Himalayas Nepal 8,090

2 HOW ARE MOUNTAINS MADE? What is a mountain? A mountain is a geological landform that rises above the surrounding land. Typically a mountain will rise at least 305 metres (1,000 feet) above sea level. Some mountains exceed 3,050 metres (10,000 feet) above sea level with the highest mountain in the world, Mount Everest, rising 8,848 metres. Small mountains (below 305 metres) are usually called hills. How are mountains formed? Mountains form over millions of years in several different ways. Mountains are most often formed by movement of the tectonic plates in the Earth's crust. Great mountain ranges like the Himalayas often form along the boundaries of these plates. Tectonic plates move very slowly. It can take millions and millions of years for mountains to form. Have you ever seen two cars after a head-on collision? The front ends of both cars are crumpled up. That s a bit like mountain formation. Some mountains form when volcanoes erupt over and over again. The lava builds up to make a mountain. The islands of Hawaii are all merely the tips of volcanoes that started under the ocean. TYPES OF MOUNTAINS There are three main types of mountains: fold mountains, fault-block mountains, and volcanic mountains. They get their names from how they were formed. Fold mountains - Fold mountains are formed when two plates run into each other or collide. The force of the two plates running into each other causes the Earth's crust to crumple and fold. Many of the world's great mountain ranges are fold mountains including the Andes, Himalayas, and the Rockies. Fault-block mountains - Fault-block mountains are formed along faults where some large blocks of rock are forced upwards while others are forced down. The higher area is sometimes called a "horst" and the lower a "graben" (see the picture below). The Sierra Nevada Mountains in the western United States are fault-block mountains.

3 Volcanic mountains - Mountains that are caused by volcanic activity are called volcanic mountains. There are two main types of volcanic mountains: volcanoes and dome mountains. Volcanoes are formed when magma erupts all the way to the surface of the Earth. The magma will harden on the Earth's surface, forming a mountain. Dome mountains are formed when a large amount of magma builds up below the Earth's surface. This forces the rock above the magma to bulge out, forming a mountain. Examples of volcanic mountains include Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Mauna Loa in Hawaii. MOUNTAIN FEATURES What makes up a mountain? Arete - A narrow ridge formed when two glaciers erode opposite sides of a mountain. Cirque - A bowl shaped depression formed by the head of a glacier usually at the foot of a mountain. Crag - A mass of rock that projects outward from a rock face or cliff. Face - The side of a mountain that is very steep. Glacier - A mountain glacier is formed by compacted snow into ice. Leeward side - The leeward side of a mountain is opposite the windward side. It is protected from the wind and rain by the mountain. Horn - A horn is a sharp peak formed from multiple glaciers. Moraine - A collection of rocks and dirt left behind by glaciers. Pass - A valley or path between mountains. Peak - The highest point of a mountain. Ridge - A long narrow top of a mountain or series of mountains. Slope - The side of a mountain.

4 INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT MOUNTAINS A mountain may be home to many different biomes (community of animals and plants) including temperate forest, taiga forest, tundra, and grassland. Around 20 percent of the Earth's surface is covered with mountains. There are mountains and mountain ranges in the ocean. Many islands are actually the tops of mountains. The elevation above 26,000 feet is called the "death zone" because there isn't enough oxygen to support human life. The scientific study of mountains is called orology. ACTIVITY: VOLCANOS Fill in the blanks below using the words below: Mars crust crater miles summit rock lava cracks Magma Earth volcano erupts A volcano is a place on the Earth's surface (or any other planet's or moon's surface) where molten, gases and pyroclastic debris erupt through the earth's. Volcanoes vary quite a bit in their structure - some are in the earth's crust where lava erupts, and some are domes, shields, or mountain-like structures with a (a circular depression) at the summit. is molten rock within the Earth's crust. When magma through the earth's surface it is called. The largest volcano on is Hawaii's Mauna Loa. Mauna Loa is about 6 miles (10 km) tall from the sea floor to its (it rises about 4 km above sea level). It also has the greatest volume of any volcano on Earth, 10,200 cubic miles (42,500 cubic kilometers). The largest in our Solar System is perhaps Olympus Mons on the planet. This enormous volcano is 17 (27 km) tall and over 320 miles (520 km) across.

5 ACTIVITY: FIND A WORD

6

7 ACTIVITY AND COLOURING: A MOUNTAING MAZE

8 ACTIVITY: COLOURING SHEET

9 ART ACTIVITIES 1. Landscape of Tissue Paper You need: 1. tissue paper in several colours 2. wallpaper glue, made with extra water 3. glue brushes 4. white drawing paper A4 size Look with the student at pictures of different landscapes: mountains, volcanic landscape, coastal landscape, river landscape, hills, flat landscape. Discuss the differences between those landscapes. Students are going to make a landscape out of tissue paper. They may just tear the sheets, so scissors are not required. The landscapes have to be constructed from behind, so the front sheets have to be glued at last. While doing it this way, colours can be glued overlapping, which gives more tints. Using white tissue paper will make the colours lighter. Create glaciers on the mountains by not gluing the white tissue paper entirely. Dry parts will stay white, wet parts take over the colour that's underneath. 2. Collage with Kids: Making Mountains In need of a creative way to pass some time? Make mountains! This is an easy project that will have children dreamily crafting a mountainous skyline where imaginary friends romp and play. Simple How To: 1. Using watercolors, paint a sky on the entire sheet of watercolor paper. 2. While sky dries, gather scrap paper 3. Cut scrap paper into mountain top shapes. 4. Glue shapes to the bottom of the paper to create a mountain range. Continue to build up the mountains until the range is complete. 5. Hang and admire.

10 1. Chalk Pastel Mountains Head to YouTube to watch an instructional video on making your own chalk pastel mountains. USEFUL WEBSITES *an online quiz about mountains *another online quiz a bit easier than the previous one *online maths games