Directed Reading. Section: How Mountains Form MOUNTAIN RANGES AND SYSTEMS. Skills Worksheet

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1 Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: How Mountains Form 1. How high is Mount Everest? a. about 1980 km above sea level b. more than 8 km below sea level c. more than 8 km above sea level d. more than 80 km above sea level 2. What causes Mount Everest to grow taller every year? a. forces inside the Earth b. volcanoes c. the Earth s magnetic field d. gravity MOUNTAIN RANGES AND SYSTEMS 3. Define mountain range, and provide two examples of mountain ranges. 4. What is the term for a group of adjacent mountain ranges? 5. Which four mountain ranges make up the Appalachian mountain system? 6. What are Earth s two major mountain belts? 7. Which mountain belt forms a ring around the Pacific Ocean? Holt Earth Science 15 Deformation of the Crust

2 8. Where does the Eurasian-Melanesian mountain belt run? PLATE TECTONICS AND MOUNTAINS 9. The major mountain belts are located along a. divergent plate boundaries. b. convergent plate boundaries. c. international boundaries. d. deep-ocean ridges. 10. What does the location of the two major mountain belts tell scientists? a. Oceans form as a result of collision and divergence between tectonic plates. b. Mountains do not form as a result of collisions between tectonic plates. c. Most mountains form as a result of the divergence of tectonic plates. d. Most mountains form as a result of collisions between tectonic plates. 11. The Appalachians are located along a. active and previously active convergent plate boundaries. b. active divergent plate boundaries. c. previously active convergent plate boundaries. d. previously active divergent plate boundaries. 12. When oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere collide at convergent plate boundaries, what may be formed? a. mountains b. huge depressions c. oceanic trenches d. volcanoes 13. What happens when moving plates collide at convergent plate boundaries? a. The continental lithosphere subducts beneath the oceanic lithosphere. b. The oceanic atmosphere subducts beneath the continental atmosphere. c. The oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath the continental lithosphere. d. The oceanic lithosphere subducts beneath the continental stratosphere. Holt Earth Science 16 Deformation of the Crust

3 14. What happens when plate collision produces large-scale deformation? a. Oceans are created. b. High mountains are uplifted. c. Deep ocean trenches are created. d. Deep valleys are created. 15. What is produced by the partial melting of the mantle and crust? a. mountains that may subduct to form volcanic mountains on Earth s surface b. magma that may erupt to form volcanic mountains on Earth s surface c. ocean currents that may warm the continental lithosphere so much that volcanoes result d. atmospheric changes that can eventually cause mountains to form 16. Which is an example of volcanic mountains formed by colliding plates that eventually produced magma and eruptions? a. the Cascade Range b. the Appalachians c. Mount Sinai d. Mount Everest 17. What are terranes? 18. Where do volcanic mountains commonly form? 19. What happens during the collision of two plates whose edges consist of oceanic lithosphere? 20. When the denser oceanic plate subducts, what happens? Holt Earth Science 17 Deformation of the Crust

4 21. What islands are an example of the peaks of volcanic mountains that rose above sea level? 22. When two continents collide, what can happen? 23. What happened about 100 million years ago to what is now India? 24. What happened to the oceanic lithosphere of the Indian plate when it collided with the Eurasian plate? 25. Why did the subduction of the oceanic lithosphere of the Indian plate stop when the continental lithosphere of India collided with the continental lithosphere of Eurasia, and what happened to the Himalayas? 26. Why are the Himalayas still growing taller? Holt Earth Science 18 Deformation of the Crust

5 TYPES OF MOUNTAINS 27. The rock formations of mountains a. are relatively uncomplicated structures. b. are just elevated parts of Earth s crust. c. provide evidence of the stresses that created the mountains. d. provide no evidence of the stresses that created the mountains. 28. Scientists classify mountains according to a. the way the crust was deformed and shaped by mountain-building stresses. b. how the crust was preserved by subduction and collision. c. the amount of loose rock that results from continental collisions. d. the location either in the oceanic lithosphere or on a continental plate. 29. What do the highest mountain ranges in the world consist of? a. ancient rock formations b. folded mountains that form when continents collide c. tectonic plates subducting under the continental lithosphere d. old mountains that form when continents diverge 30. How do folded mountains form? a. Tectonic plate movements squeeze rock layers together into accordian-like folds. b. Tectonic plate movements melt rock layers together into magma. c. The continental lithosphere squeezes rock layers together and deposits them into the oceanic lithosphere. d. Tectonic plate movements squeeze rock layers together into tight places. 31. What do the same stresses that form folded mountains also do? a. form folded valleys b. uplift rivers c. uplift plateaus d. fold rock formations 32. What are plateaus? a. small, arched areas of rock high above sea level b. large, flat areas of rock high above sea level c. large, flat areas of rock below sea level d. small, flat areas of rock below sea level Holt Earth Science 19 Deformation of the Crust

6 33. Where are most plateaus located? 34. Where is the Colorado plateau located? 35. What are fault-block mountains? 36. What mountain range consists of many fault-block mountains, and where is it located? 37. When do grabens form? 38. What is true of grabens and fault-block mountain ranges?. 39. What is an example in the United States of grabens separated by fault-block mountain ranges? 40. Describe a dome mountain. 41. What are two ways dome mountains can form? Holt Earth Science 20 Deformation of the Crust

7 42. Where in the United States are two examples of dome mountains? 43. How do volcanic mountains form? 44. Where do volcanic mountains usually form? 45. Where in the United States can an example of volcanic mountains be found? 46. Where are some of the world s largest volcanic mountains? 47. What makes mid-ocean ridges volcanically active areas? 48. How are volcanic islands formed? Give an example of Volcanic mountains. Holt Earth Science 21 Deformation of the Crust

8 49. Besides mid-ocean ridges, where else do large volcanic mountains form? 50. What are hot spots, and what happens at hot spots? 51. What is an example of a volcanic mountain that resulted from hot spots? Holt Earth Science 22 Deformation of the Crust

9 ANSWER KEY divergent boundaries where tension is pulling the crust apart. 55. Normal faults may occur as a series of parallel fault lines that form steep, steplike landforms. 56. Compression causes the hanging wall to move upward relative to the footwall. 57. A thrust fault is a type of reverse fault where the fault plane is at a low angle or is nearly horizontal, and the rock of the hanging wall is pushed up and over the rock of the footwall. 58. in steep mountain ranges such as the Rockies and the Alps 59. The strike is the direction of the length of a fault. 60. In a strike-slip fault, the rock on either side of the fault plane slides horizontally because of shear stress. 61. the San Andreas fault in California SECTION: HOW MOUNTAINS FORM 1. C 2. A 3. a group of adjacent mountains that are related to each other in shape and structure; Great Himalaya Range; Cascade Range 4. a mountain system 5. the Great Smoky, Blue Ridge, Cumberland, and Green mountain ranges 6. the circum-pacific belt and the Eurasian-Melanesian belt 7. the circum-pacific belt 8. from the Pacific islands through Asia, southern Europe, and into northwestern Africa 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. A 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. A 17. pieces of crust that are scraped off during subduction at the boundary where the oceanic and continental lithospheres collide; may later form mountains 18. where two plates whose edges consist of oceanic lithosphere collide 19. the denser plate subducts beneath the other oceanic plate 20. Fluids from the subducting lithosphere cause partial melting of the overlying mantle and crust, resulting in magma breaking through the oceanic lithosphere. An arc of volcanic mountains is formed on the ocean floor. 21. the Mariana Islands 22. Mountains can form. 23. India broke apart from Africa and Antarctica and became a separate continent that moved toward Eurasia. 24. The oceanic lithosphere subducted beneath the Eurasian plate until the continental lithosphere of India collided with the continental lithosphere of Eurasia. 25. The subduction stopped because the two continents had equally dense continental lithosphere. The deformation from the collision uplifted the Himalayas. 26. because the plates are still colliding 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. A 31. C 32. B 33. near mountain ranges 34. next to the Rockies 35. relatively higher blocks caused by faulting 36. the Sierra Nevada range of California 37. when steep faults break the crust into blocks, and one slips downward relative to surrounding blocks 38. They commonly occur together. 39. the Basin and Range Province of the western United States 40. a circular structure made of rock layers that slope away gradually from a central point 41. Magma can rise through the crust and push up rock layers. Tectonic forces can gently uplift rock layers. 42. the Black Hills of South Dakota; the Adirondack Mountains of New York 43. when magma erupts onto Earth s surface Holt Earth Science 51 Deformation of the Crust

10 ANSWER KEY 44. along convergent plate boundaries 45. the Cascade Range of Washington, Oregon, and northern California 46. They are part of mid-ocean ridges along divergent plate boundaries. 47. Magma rising to Earth s surface at divergent boundaries makes midocean ridges volcanically active. 48. when the peaks of volcanic mountains rise above sea level; the Azores in the North Atlantic 49. on the ocean floor at hot spots 50. Hot spots are volcanically active areas that lie far from tectonic plate boundaries. Hot material rises through Earth s interior and reaches the lithosphere. 51. the Hawaiian Islands Math Skills 1. 2x 4,200; 2x 2 4,200 2; x 2, /2x 11; 2 1/2x 2 11; x 22. OR x 2(11); x x 725; 145x ; x /3x 9; 3 1/3x 3 9; x 27. OR x 3(9); x x 580; 145x ; x 4 Graphing Skills 1. Mt. Elbrus 2. Antarctica 3. approximately 6,900 or 7,000 m 4. approximately 5,900 or 6,000 m 5. North American Mountain Elevations (feet) Elevation 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Mt. McKinley Mt. Rainier Bear Mountain Peaks Mt. Washington Black Dome Mountain Section Quizzes SECTION: HOW ROCK DEFORMS 1. C 6. C 2. B 7. C 3. D 8. C 4. E 9. B 5. A 10. D SECTION: HOW MOUNTAINS FORM 1. E 6. B 2. B 7. A 3. C 8. D 4. A 9. C 5. D 10. A Chapter Test A 1. D 11. A 2. H 12. C 3. G 13. B 4. A 14. D 5. I 15. B 6. B 16. C 7. C 17. A 8. J 18. D 9. F 19. A 10. E 20. C Chapter Test B 1. C 2. E 3. D 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. A 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. B 16. C 17. plateaus 18. convergent 19. rises 20. monocline 21. syncline 22. Answers may vary. Sample answer: One way that a dome mountain forms Holt Earth Science 52 Deformation of the Crust