LANDFORMS. Patterns and Processes
|
|
- Jeffrey Campbell
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 LANDFORMS Patterns and Processes
2 Structure From the surface the Earth is a planet of continents and oceans. There is constant motion on the earth s surface. Seismology is the study of earthquakes. Scientists use seismology to see into the interior of the Earth.
3 Structure of Earth s Interior and Surface (pp. 4-9)
4 Structural Zones of the Earth Inner Core some Ni km - Solid Fe with to 6000 C Outer Core km - Molten Fe with some Ni - over 4000 C
5 Structural Zones cont. Mantle km - Divided into lower and upper layers - largely solid except for the upper km of upper layer called the ASTHENOSPHERE which is in a plastic like state. - Made mostly of magnesium and iron silicates
6 Structural Zones cont. Mohorovicic Discontinuity - The boundary between the mantle and the lithosphere, at which earthquake waves change speeds. - Was discovered in 1909 by Andrija Mohorovicic, a Yugoslavian seismologist.
7 -No one has ever seen the Moho. Drilling wells to that depth is very expensive and very difficult because of the extreme temperature and pressure conditions. The deepest well that has been drilled to date was located on the Kola Peninsula in the far north of Russia. It was drilled to a depth of about 12 kilometers. It is known as the Kola Superdeep Borehole which is located near the Norwegian border.
8 Structural Zones cont. Lithosphere km - made up of the lightest elements and compounds - can be divided into 2 layers, one under ocean basins (sima) and one making up the continents (sial) - Rocks of continents are also called the crust
9 Rock Types Igneous - are crystalline solids which form directly from the cooling of magma. This is an exothermic process (it loses heat) and involves a phase change from the liquid to the solid state. The earth is made of igneous rock - at least at the surface where our planet is exposed to the coldness of space.
10 Rocks continued Sedimentary - In most places on the surface, the igneous rocks which make up the majority of the crust are covered by a thin veneer of loose sediment, and the rock which is made as layers of this debris get compacted and cemented together. Sedimentary rocks are called secondary, because they are often the result of the accumulation of small pieces broken off of pre-existing rocks.
11 Rocks continued Metamorphic are rocks that have been created are transformed by great heat or pressure. Their chemical composition is altered as part of their meta (change) morphis (form)
12 Rocks and Minerals Rocks are formed by minerals mixing together and solidifying due to physical or chemical processes. Three categories of rocks: (see page 6) 1.Igneous 2.Sedimentary 3.Metamorphic Construct a table with these headings:
13 Topography Topography refers to the physical / landform features of the earths surface. Mt Everest is 8848 m above sea level. The Marianas Trench is 11,034 below sea level. Topography is all the features in between.
14 Topography
15 Pangaea "all the earth" In 1915, the German geologist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener ( ) first proposed the theory of continental drift, which states that parts of the Earth's crust slowly drift atop a liquid core. Wegener hypothesized that there was an original, gigantic supercontinent 200 million years ago, which he named Pangaea, meaning "All-earth". Pangaea was a supercontinent consisting of all of Earth's land masses. Pangaea started to break up into two smaller supercontinents, called Laurasia and Gondwanaland
16
17
18
19 Plate Tectonics PLATE TECTONICS The theory of plate tectonics (meaning "plate structure") was developed in the 1960's. This theory explains the movement of the Earth's plates (which has since been documented scientifically) and also explains the cause of earthquakes, volcanoes, oceanic trenches, mountain range formation, and many other geologic phenomenon. The plates are moving at a speed that has been estimated at 1 to 10 cm per year. Most of the Earth's seismic activity (volcanoes and earthquakes) occurs at the plate boundaries as they interact.
20 The rocks of Gros Morne National Park and adjacent parts of western Newfoundland are world-renowned for the light they shed on the geological evolution of ancient mountain belts. The geology of the park illustrates the concept of plate tectonics, one of the most important ideas in modern science. This is one of the main reasons why Gros Morne National Park has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO (the United Nations Education, Scientific, and Cultural Organization).
21 Compressional Force ----> compressional < When plates move towards each other they create compressional force which causes rock layers to bend, warp, or be pushed upwards. Compressional forces are forces that squeeze crustal rock together.
22 Formation of the Himalaya Mountains
23
24 Tensional Force < tensional > When plates break apart, moving away from each other, they create tensional force. Tensional forces are forces that pull crustal rocks apart.
25 Sometimes these tensional forces are so strong that an opening is created allowing the magma or lava to force it s way up through. This lava cools and forms a ridge. These zones are referred to as RIDGE ZONES
26 Crustal Movement
27 Fold Mountains
28 Fold Mountains Most Major Mountain ranges were formed by folding. The collision of continental plates causes the thin crust (lithosphere) to bend. For example the Appalachian mountains and the atlas mountains were formed by folding when North America and Africa collided 400 million years ago. cdli.ca
29
30
31 All rock that is put under extreme pressure for long periods of time (thousands or millions of years) will fold like clay. Folding is a process in which the Earth's plates are pushed together in a roller coaster like series of high points and low points. Folding bends many layers of rocks without breaking them Anticlines are folds in rocks that bend upwards. Synclines are folds in rocks that bend downwards. Joints are parallel cracks in
32 An anticline is a convex up fold in rock that resembles an arch like structure with the rock beds (or limbs) dipping way from the center of the structure
33 A syncline is a fold where the rock layers are warped downward. Both anticlines and synclines are the result of compressional stress.
34 Picture of Syncline fold in Quebec
35 Mountains by Faulting Faults form in rocks when the stresses overcome the internal strength of the rock resulting in a fracture. A fault can be defined as the displacement of once connected blocks of rock along a fault plane. This can occur in any direction with the blocks moving away from each other. Faults occur from both tensional and compressional forces.
36 Normal Faults occur when tensional forces act in opposite directions and cause one slab of the rock to be displaced up and the other slab down.
37 Faults cont. A Rift Valley is a valley bounded by two roughly parallel faults formed when the rocks of its base moved down the fault plane Block Mountains are a mass of upland, bounded by faults. The surrounding rocks may have sunk, the mountain block may have risen, or both may have occurred
38 Reverse Faults develop when compressional forces exist. Compression causes one block to be pushed up and over the other block.
39 Overthrust Fault is a fault that has previously undergone folding, with one set of rock layers pushed up and on other rock layers
40
41 Mountains by Volcanoes
42 Ash and Cinder Cones A cinder cone is a volcanic cone built almost entirely of loose volcanic fragments called cinders. They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl-shaped crater at the summit. Cinder cones rarely rise more than m or so above their surroundings, and, being unconsolidated, tend to erode rapidly unless further eruptions occur. Cinder cones are numerous in western North America as well as throughout other volcanic terrains of the world.
43
44 Shield Cones Shield cones (shield volcanoes). Primarily a liquid flow event. Basic lavas, having a lower viscosity, are very fluid. Such flows cannot pile up to form steep slopes. They spread out, travel fast, and go far, eventually cooling into thin, nearly horizontal sheets of rock. As successive layers are stacked up from hundreds, if not thousands, of eruptions, a gently sloping cone, or flattened domical mountain develops, with its characteristic caldera at the summit, and pit craters along some of the rift zones--a shield volcano.
45 Internal structure of a typical shield volcano
46 COMPOSITE CONES Composite cones are volcanic cones made up of alternating layers of lava and rock particles. Weak points may develop along the sides of composite cones. Lava flows out of these weak points to form smaller cones.
47 Composite volcanoes represent some of the greatest and most violent types of volcanoes on earth's surface. A typically composite volcano is a steep sided, large structure with a symmetrical cone. The cone is built from alternating layers of lava flow, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and bombs. This layering system can result in cones as tall as 8,000 feet above sea level. There are two routes lava can flow from a composite volcano. The first is by breaking through the crater walls from fissures on the sides of the cone. The lava then cools once it has filled the fissures and acts as a dike. This cooling activity acts as a benefit to the cone because it adds in its strength and stability. The other direction of flow is simply from the crater at the opening of the volcano.
48 The most distinctive characteristic of the composite volcano is the conduit system. The conduit system allows for a magma reservoir deep inside the earth's crust. The pressure and the volume of magma is allowed to build up under the crust until it is released in a violent eruption. The eruptions of ash, lava, and cinder are responsible for the continuing growth of a volcano.
49 Composite Cone Contruction
Folding. Faulting. Volcanoes
Folding Faulting Volcanoes Most major global mountain ranges were formed by the collision of continental (tectonic) plates Fold mountains are actually formed by crust which have been uplifted and folded
More informationTopography the natural and human features of the Earth s surface. ie. Surface features need to understand difference between relief and elevation
Chapter 1 Landform Patterns and Processes Highlighted script will not be assessed Topography the natural and human features of the Earth s surface. ie. Surface features need to understand difference between
More informationI. Earth s Layers a. Crust: Earth s outside layer. Made of mostly rock. i. Continental: er; made of mostly granite, forms the continents and shallow
I. Earth s Layers a. Crust: Earth s outside layer. Made of mostly rock. i. Continental: er; made of mostly granite, forms the continents and shallow sea beds, floats! ii. Oceanic: er; dense rock such as
More informationUNIT 1 - Major Land and Water Forms
UNIT 1 - Major Land and Water Forms Chapter 1 - Landform Patterns and Processes Topography the natural and human features of the Earth s surface. ie. Surface features elevation - the height of a particular
More informationYORK CASTLE HIGH SCHOOL CHRISTMAS TERM EXAMINATIONS GEOGRAPHY Duration 1 1 /2 HRS.
GRADE 9 YORK CASTLE HIGH SCHOOL CHRISTMAS TERM EXAMINATIONS GEOGRAPHY Duration 1 1 /2 HRS. Name: 1. Label the internal structure of the earth provided below. WRITE on the space provide. Oceanic Crust/Upper
More informationWorld Geography 3202 Unit 1. Ch. 1: Landform Patterns and Processes
World Geography 3202 Unit 1 Ch. 1: Landform Patterns and Processes - Planet Earth is dynamic - behaves as if it s a living organism - some changes are rapid enough for us to see and record - exs. Tidal
More informationLayers of the Earth Date: SWABT: Identify and describe the layers of the Earth and their characteristics
Layers of the Earth SWABT: Identify and describe the layers of the Earth and their characteristics CRUST Composition: Thickness: State of Matter: : Mostly Basalt : Mostly Granite : Crust and Upper Mantle
More informationEarth Systems, Structures and Processes
Earth Systems, Structures and Processes Date: 6.E.2 Understand the structure of the earth and how interactions of constructive and destructive forces have resulted in changes in the surface of the Earth
More informationWorld Geography 3202 Unit 1. Ch. 1: Landform Patterns and Processes
World Geography 3202 Unit 1 Ch. 1: Landform Patterns and Processes - Planet Earth is dynamic - behaves as if it s a living organism - some changes are rapid enough for us to see and record - exs. Tidal
More informationMohorovicic discontinuity separates the crust and the upper mantle.
Structure of the Earth Chapter 7 The Earth is divided into 3 Main Layers 1. Crust outermost layer 1% of the Earth s mass thickness varies: 5 100 km two types: oceanic denser continental Mohorovicic discontinuity
More informationChapter 1: Landforms Patterns & Processes. Pg
Chapter 1: Landforms Patterns & Processes Pg. 10-21 Video Time Physical Geography (6:02) Introduction: Earth is dynamic it behaves as if it s a living organism. Some changes are rapid enough for us to
More informationEarth Movement and Resultant Landforms
Earth Movement and Resultant Landforms Structure of the Earth Lithosphere : earth s crust Asthenosphere : upper mantle zone where material is near its melting point & acts almost like liquid (appprox.
More informationPlate Tectonics. Chapter 8
Plate Tectonics Chapter 8 Vocabulary Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Continental Drift Plate Tectonics Plate Boundary Fault What Are The Earth s Layers Made Of? Atmosphere: Contains nitrogen, oxygen, carbon
More informationIn order to study Plate Tectonics, we must first
TB Chapter 13 In order to study Plate Tectonics, we must first reorganize our layering system for the Earth: Old System 4 layers Crust (rigid) id) (rigid) Mantle (putty like) (semi rigid) Outer core (liquid)
More informationSection 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms.
Chapter 10 Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms. Reading Strategy Previewing Before you read the section,
More informationForces That Shape Earth. How do continents move? What forces can change rocks? How does plate motion affect the rock cycle?
Forces That Shape Earth How do continents move? What forces can change rocks? How does plate motion affect the rock cycle? Plate Motion Mountain ranges are produced by plate tectonics. The theory of plate
More information22.4 Plate Tectonics. Africa
The Red Sea between Africa and the Arabian peninsula in Asia marks a region where two pieces of the lithosphere are slowly moving apart. Over the next 100 million years, the Red Sea could become an ocean.
More informationStructure of the Earth
Structure of the Earth Compositional (Chemical) Layers Crust: Low density Moho: Density boundary between crust and mantle Mantle: Higher density High in Magnesium (Mg) and Iron (Fe) Core: High in Nickel
More informationChapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # Main Idea:
Chapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # A. Viscosity Group # B. Dissolved Gases Group # II. Volcanic Material
More informationUNIT 4: Earth Science Chapter 12: Earth s Internal Processes (pages )
CORNELL NOTES Directions: You must create a minimum of 5 questions in this column per page (average). Use these to study your notes and prepare for tests and quizzes. Notes will be turned in to your teacher
More informationMineral Element Compound Atom Crystal. Silicate Nonsilicate Inorganic Luster Streak. Cleavage Fracture Hardness Density Reclamation
6 th Grade Science Midterm Study Guide Due February 5 th * Midterm Date: February 9th (Tuesday) * Midterm will consist of 50 multiple choice questions (about 10 per chapter) YOU MUST DEFINE THE KEY TERMS
More informationTheory of Plate Tectonics
Plate Tectonics Theory of Plate Tectonics Lithosphere is made of sections called plates that move around called continental drift Plates move because they float on the asthenosphere Most plates consist
More informationTHE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
UNIT 1 THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH 1.1.Earth s interior layers The interior of the Earth can be divided into layers according to: -Composition layers ( organized in order of increasing density
More informationChapter 7 Plate Tectonics. Plate tectonics accounts for important features of Earth s surface and major geologic events.
Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics accounts for important features of Earth s surface and major geologic events. 7-2 Alfred Wegener s Hypothesis of Continental Drift (1915) He noticed that the continents
More informationSocial Studies 9 UNIT 2 GEOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES ON IDENTITY: PLACE AND PEOPLE
Social Studies 9 UNIT 2 GEOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES ON IDENTITY: PLACE AND PEOPLE The Structure of the Earth To understand the forces that create Canada's physical landscape we must understand the structure
More informationENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Advanced Placement ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Geologic Processes & Soil Student 2014 Geologic Processes and Soil Geologic Processes The age of Earth is best measured by the geologic time scale. The idea that
More informationPlate Tectonics CHAPTER 17
Plate Tectonics CHAPTER 17 Layers of the Earth A. Crust- solid, 5-70 km thick Moho Two Types of Crust: Oceanic- ocean floor, more dense then because of more iron Continental-dry land (mostly silicates
More informationOutcome C&D Study Guide
Name: Class: Outcome C&D Study Guide Identify the layers of Earth s interior Lithosphere the upper most layer of the earth that includes the crust and the hard outer mantle. It is fractured into tectonic
More informationCh 17 Plate Tectonics Big Idea: Most geologic activity occurs at the boundaries between plates.
Ch 17 Plate Tectonics Big Idea: Most geologic activity occurs at the boundaries between plates. 17.1 Drifting Continents 17.2 Seafloor Spreading 17.3 Plate Boundaries 17.4 Causes of Plate Motions Learning
More informationPlate Tectonics. entirely rock both and rock
Plate Tectonics I. Tectonics A. Tectonic Forces are forces generated from within Earth causing rock to become. B. 1. The study of the origin and arrangement of Earth surface including mountain belts, continents,
More informationFORCES ON EARTH UNIT 3.2. An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth.
FORCES ON EARTH UNIT 3.2 An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth. USE THESE NOTES: OUR HOME PLANET EARTH: What do you know about our planet? SO.HOW
More informationFORCES ON EARTH. An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth.
FORCES ON EARTH An investigation into how Newton s Laws of Motion are applied to the tectonic activity on Earth. GEOLOGY Geologists scientists who study the forces that make and shape the Earth Geologists
More informationPLATE TECTONICS REVIEW GAME!!!!
PLATE TECTONICS REVIEW GAME!!!! Name the four layers of the earth - crust - mantle - outer core - inner core Which part of Earth s structure contains tectonic plates? LITHOSPHERE Name one reason why the
More informationSection 1: Earth s Interior and Plate Tectonics Section 2: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Section 3: Minerals and Rocks Section 4: Weathering and Erosion
Section 1: Earth s Interior and Plate Tectonics Section 2: Earthquakes and Volcanoes Section 3: Minerals and Rocks Section 4: Weathering and Erosion Key Terms Crust Mantle Core Lithosphere Plate Tectonics
More informationTEST NAME:Geology part 1 TEST ID: GRADE:06 - Sixth Grade SUBJECT:Life and Physical Sciences TEST CATEGORY: My Classroom
TEST NAME:Geology part 1 TEST ID:1542715 GRADE:06 - Sixth Grade SUBJECT:Life and Physical Sciences TEST CATEGORY: My Classroom Geology part 1 Page 1 of 6 Student: Class: Date: 1. The picture below shows
More information4 Deforming the Earth s Crust
CHAPTER 7 4 Deforming the Earth s Crust SECTION Plate Tectonics BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What happens when rock is placed under stress?
More informationMountains and Mountain Building: Chapter 11
Mountains and Mountain Building: Chapter 11 Objectives: 1)Explain how some of Earth s major mountain belts formed 2) Compare and contrast active and passive continental margins 3) Explain how compression,
More informationContinental Drift. & Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift & Plate Tectonics Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, proposed the hypothesis of CONTINENTAL DRIFT, in 1912. Hypothesis stated: All Earth s continents were once a single landmass (Pangaea)
More informationShape Earth. Plate Boundaries. Building. Building
Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Chapter Wrap-Up Forces That Shape Earth Landforms at Plate Boundaries Mountain Building Continent Building How is Earth s surface shaped by plate
More informationUnit Topics. Topic 1: Earth s Interior Topic 2: Continental Drift Topic 3: Crustal Activity Topic 4: Crustal Boundaries Topic 5: Earthquakes
The Dynamic Earth Unit Topics Topic 1: Earth s Interior Topic 2: Continental Drift Topic 3: Crustal Activity Topic 4: Crustal Boundaries Topic 5: Earthquakes Topic 1: Earth s Interior Essential Question:
More informationEarth Systems, Structures and Processes
Earth Systems, Structures and Processes 6.E.2 Understand the structure of the earth and how interactions of constructive and destructive forces have resulted in changes in the surface of the Earth over
More informationUnit 4 Lesson 2 Plate Tectonics. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Puzzling Evidence What evidence suggests that continents move? In the late 1800s, Alfred Wegener proposed his hypothesis of continental drift. According to this hypothesis, the continents once formed a
More informationTAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology
Name Period Date TAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology PART 1 - Multiple Choice 1. A volcanic cone made up of alternating layers of lava and rock particles is a cone. a. cinder b. lava c. shield d. composite 2.
More informationChapter 16. Mountain Building. Mountain Building. Mountains and Plate Tectonics. what s the connection?
Chapter 16 Mountains and Plate Tectonics what s the connection? Mountain Building Most crustal deformation occurs along plate margins. S.2 Active Margin Passive Margin Mountain Building Factors Affecting
More informationBeneath our Feet: The 4 Layers of the Earty by Kelly Hashway
Beneath our Feet: The 4 Layers of the Earty by Kelly Hashway The Earth is more than a giant ball made up of dirt, rocks, and minerals. The Earth may look like a giant ball from when looking at it from
More informationChapter 9. ASTRONOMY 202 Spring 2007: Solar System Exploration. Class 27: Planetary Geology [3/26/07] Announcements.
ASTRONOMY 202 Spring 2007: Solar System Exploration Instructor: Dr. David Alexander Web-site: www.ruf.rice.edu/~dalex/astr202_s07 Class 27: Planetary Geology [3/26/07] Announcements Planetary Geology Planetary
More informationUnit 10 ~ Learning Guide
Unit 10 ~ Learning Guide Name: INSTRUCTIONS Using a pencil, complete the following practice questions as you work through the related lessons. You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you
More informationChapter 7 Plate Tectonics
Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics Earthquakes Earthquake = vibration of the Earth produced by the rapid release of energy. Seismic Waves Focus = the place within the Earth where the rock breaks, producing an earthquake.
More informationEarth s Changing Surface
Earth s Changing Surface Tectonics What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement or
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics 1. Some volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than a(n) a. hand grenade. b. earthquake. c. geyser. d. atomic bomb. 2. The cause
More informationPlate Tectonics. Structure of the Earth
Plate Tectonics Structure of the Earth The Earth can be considered as being made up of a series of concentric spheres, each made up of materials that differ in terms of composition and mechanical properties.
More informationTopics: The Layers of the Earth and its Formation Sources of Heat Volcanos and Earthquakes Rock Cycle Rock Types Carbon Tax
Topics: The Layers of the Earth and its Formation Sources of Heat Volcanos and Earthquakes Rock Cycle Rock Types Carbon Tax Essay Question on Carbon Tax 1. Drilling 2. Volcanic Activity 3. Laboratory experiments
More informationChapter Review USING KEY TERMS. asthenosphere uplift continental drift. known as. tectonic plates move. object. UNDERSTANDING KEY IDEAS
Skills Worksheet Chapter Review USING KEY TERMS 1. Use the following terms in the same sentence: crust, mantle, and core. Complete each of the following sentences by choosing the correct term from the
More informationName Date Class. How have geologists learned about Earth s inner structure? What are the characteristics of Earth s crust, mantle, and core?
Chapter 4 Plate Tectonics Section 1 Summary Earth s Interior How have geologists learned about Earth s inner structure? What are the characteristics of Earth s crust, mantle, and core? Earth s surface
More informationEarth s Structure. Earth has 4 layers. The inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. How do we know???
Earth s Structure Earth has 4 layers. The inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. How do we know??? Adaptive Curriculum Determining Planet Layers from Seismic Waves Earth s Structure Scientists use earthquake
More informationExploring Inside the Earth
Plate Tectonics Exploring Inside the Earth Geologists have used evidence from rock samples and evidence from seismic waves to learn about Earth s interior. Geologists are scientists who study the forces
More information180 points. 1. Lava erupts through an opening in Earth s crust called a. 2. A bowl-shaped depression that forms around the vent of a volcano is a
CHAPTER 18 Volcanism SECTION 18.1 Volcanoes In your textbook, read about the anatomy of a volcano and volcanic material. Completes each statement or answer the question. 25 points 180 points volcano. In
More informationSection 1: Continental Drift
Plate Tectonics Section 1 Section 1: Continental Drift Preview Key Ideas Wegener s Hypothesis Sea-Floor Spreading Paleomagnetism Wegener Redeemed Continental Drift (Pangaea) Plate Tectonics Section 1 Key
More informationCHAPTER 2 NOTES -FOUNDATIONS OF GEOLOGY-
CHAPTER 2 NOTES -FOUNDATIONS OF GEOLOGY- LESSON 2.1A: LAYERS OF THE EARTH GEOLOGY Geology- LAYERS OF THE EARTH Earth has 3 major layers based on their composition: o - the outer layer, made of solid rock.
More informationDirected Reading. Section: How Mountains Form MOUNTAIN RANGES AND SYSTEMS. Skills Worksheet
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: How Mountains Form 1. How high is Mount Everest? a. about 1980 km above sea level b. more than 8 km below sea level c. more than 8 km above sea level d. more
More information1. I can describe evidence for continental drift theory (e.g., fossil evidence, mountain belts, paleoglaciation)
Science 10 Review Earth Science Vocabulary asthenosphere continental drift theory converging plates diverging plates earthquakes epicentre fault hot spot inner core lithosphere mantle mantle convection
More informationA bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a. Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as. Lava.
Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as Lava A bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a Caldera This can form in a caldera when magma starts to come back up
More information12.2 Plate Tectonics
12.2 Plate Tectonics LAYERS OF THE EARTH Earth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers. These layers are the crust, mantle (upper and lower), outer core, and inner core. Crust outer solid rock
More informationThe Four Layers The Earth is composed of four different layers. The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and
Earth s Structure The Four Layers The Earth is composed of four different layers. The crust is the layer that you live on, and it is the most widely studied and understood. The mantle is much hotter and
More informationEarth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers.
1 2.2 F e a ture s o f P la te T e c to nic s Earth is over 1200 km thick and has four distinct layers. These layers are the crust, mantle (upper and lower), outer core, and inner core. Crust outer solid
More informationPlate Tectonics. Chapter 17. Great Idea: The entire Earth is still changing, due to the slow convection of soft, hot rocks deep within the planet.
Plate Tectonics Chapter 17 Great Idea: The entire Earth is still changing, due to the slow convection of soft, hot rocks deep within the planet. 1 Chapter Outline The Dynamic Earth Plate Tectonics: A Unifying
More informationWHAT IS A MAGMA. Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth.
UNIT - 8 VOLCANOES WHAT IS A MAGMA Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth. In some instances, it solidifies within the crust to form plutonic
More informationGeologic Structures. Changes in the shape and/or orientation of rocks in response to applied stress
Geologic Structures Changes in the shape and/or orientation of rocks in response to applied stress Figure 15.19 Can be as big as a breadbox Or much bigger than a breadbox Three basic types Fractures >>>
More informationThe continents are in constant! movement! Earth Science!
The continents are in constant movement Earth Science Transitional Science 10 Note and Activity Package for Chapter 12 Note: If you lose this package it is your responsibility to print out a new copy from
More informationEARTH S INTERIOR, EVIDENCE FOR PLATE TECTONICS AND PLATE BOUNDARIES
EARTH S INTERIOR, EVIDENCE FOR PLATE TECTONICS AND PLATE BOUNDARIES LAYERS OF THE EARTH Crust Inner Core Most Dense Solid Iron & Nickel Mantle Thickest layer Outer Core Liquid Iron & Nickel ANOTHER LOOK
More informationEarth s Interior StudyGuide
Name Date Period Earth s Interior StudyGuide 1. The two main elements that make up the Earth s crust are and. 2. The Earth s inner core is made of solid and. 3. When one plates slides under another plate
More informationEARTH SCIENCE KESSEL
EARTH SCIENCE KESSEL Bell Ringer List everything you KNOW about a volcano (at least 3 things). Then list everything you WANT to know about volcanoes (at least 2 things). Bell Ringer What evidence might
More information1. occurs when the oceanic crust slides under the continental crust.
1. occurs when the oceanic crust slides under the continental crust. 2. What type of stress is shown? 3. Where two plates slide past one another is called a boundary. 4. What type of stress is shown? 5.
More informationsonar seismic wave basalt granite
geologist sonar crust geology seismic wave mantle constructive force basalt inner core destructive force granite outer core The solid, rocky, surface layer of the earth. an instrument that can find objects
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 10 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Factors Affecting Eruptions Factors that determine the violence of an eruption
More informationSection 3 Deforming Earth s Crust
Section 3 Deforming Earth s Crust Key Concept Tectonic plate motions deform Earth s crust. Deformation causes rock layers to bend and break and causes mountains to form. What You Will Learn Stress is placed
More informationPlate Tectonic Theory
Have you ever looked at a world map and noticed the shapes of the continents? Have you ever noticed how some continents appear to fit together like the pieces of a jigsaw puzzle? Why do you think this
More informationEarth. Temp. increases with depth, the thermal gradient is 25 o C/km. Pressure and density also increase with depth.
Plate Tectonics Earth Earth overall average density = 5.5 g/cm 3. Temp. increases with depth, the thermal gradient is 25 o C/km. Pressure and density also increase with depth. Spheroid: with a longer major
More informationUnit 4 Lesson 6 Plate Tectonics
Unit 4 Lesson 6 Plate Tectonics Indiana Standards 7.2.1 Describe how the earth is a layered structure composed of lithospheric plates, a mantle and a dense core. 7.2.4 Explain how convection currents in
More informationChapter 22: Earth s Interior
Chapter 22: Earth s Interior Vocabulary: Geologists Uniformitarianism Silicates Crust Mantle Lithosphere Asthenosphere Mesosphere Core Rock Inorganic Streak Luster Hardness Fracture Cleavage Igneous Rock
More informationEarth s Interior HW Packet HW #1 Plate Tectonics (pages )
Name Earth s Interior HW Packet HW #1 Plate Tectonics (pages 676 683) 1. Is the following sentence true or false? According to the theory of plate tectonics, Earth s plates move about quickly on top of
More informationUnit 4 Lesson 3 Mountain Building. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Stressed Out How can tectonic plate motion cause deformation? The movement of tectonic plates causes stress on rock structures. Stress is the amount of force per unit area that is placed on an object.
More informationdeep within the planet. They are also shaped by conditions on the planet s surface. In
Chapter 4 Landforms, Water, and Natural Resources Earth is home to many different types of landforms. These landforms are shaped by forces deep within the planet. They are also shaped by conditions on
More informationContinental Drift and Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics Continental Drift Wegener s continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined to form a single supercontinent. Wegener proposed that the
More informationCONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY Proof or crazy idea? CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY What is Continental Drift Theory? Continental drift theory (CDT): Alfred Wegener found all the continents were once together called
More informationUnit 4 Lesson 4 Volcanoes. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Magma Magic What is a volcano? A volcano is any place where gas, ash, or melted rock come out of the ground. Many volcanoes are dormant, meaning an eruption has not occurred in a long period of time. What
More informationGraham Cracker Plate Tectonics
Graham Cracker Plate Tectonics Purpose 1. To identify and demonstrate the forces that shape the features of the Earth 2. To understand how plate boundaries interact with each other and the features created
More informationUNIT 3 GEOLOGY VOCABULARY FLASHCARDS THESE KEY VOCABULARY WORDS AND PHRASES APPEAR ON THE UNIT 3 CBA
UNIT 3 GEOLOGY VOCABULARY FLASHCARDS THESE KEY VOCABULARY WORDS AND PHRASES APPEAR ON THE UNIT 3 CBA A map that shows Earth s Topographic Map surface topography, which is Earth s shape and features Contour
More information8 th Grade Campus Assessment- NSMS Plate Tectonics
1. A group of students were discussing plate tectonics in their science class. All of the following statements about the tectonic plates are incorrect EXCEPT: A. The Eurasian Plate consists of the Asian
More informationPlate Tectonic Vocabulary Chapter 10 Pages
Name: Period: Plate Tectonic Vocabulary Chapter 10 Pages 239-260 Vocabulary Word What is this? What are some examples? What does it look like? (draw a picture or diagram) Continental drift Mid-ocean ridge
More information5. Convergent boundaries produce a relatively low number of earthquakes compared to other boundaries. a. True
1. Earth s crust is thinner than its mantle. ANSWER: True 2. The concept of isostacy states that high-density rock will stand higher than low-density rock, which explains the formation of subduction zones.
More informationThe Rock Cycle & Plate Tectonics
The Rock Cycle & Plate Tectonics I. The Rock Cycle 1. Rocks are the most common material on Earth. 2. They are made up of one or more minerals. A. The rock cycle explains how Earth processes change a rock
More informationDo Now: Vocabulary: Objectives. Vocabulary: 1/5/2016. Wegener? (Can they move?) the idea that continents have moved over time?
Do Now: 1. Who was Alfred Wegener? 2. What was Pangaea? 3. Are continents fixed? (Can they move?) 4. What evidence supports the idea that continents have moved over time? Objectives What evidence suggests
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions. light in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. dark in color is called
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanic Eruptions 1. Lava provides an opportunity for scientists to study a. the nature of Earth s inner core. b. the nature of Earth s tectonic plates. c. temperatures
More informationCHAPTER 9. Basics Of geology: earthquakes & volcanoes
161 CHAPTER 9 Basics Of geology: earthquakes & volcanoes CHAPTER s Objectives To introduce the theory of one supercontinent To discuss the clues and proofs that support the theory of one supercontinent
More informationUNIT 6 PLATE TECTONICS
UNIT 6 PLATE TECTONICS CONTINENTAL DRIFT Alfred Wegner proposed the theory that the crustal plates are moving over the mantle. He argued that today s continents once formed a single landmass, called Pangaea
More informationCh. 9 Review. Pgs #1-31 Write Questions and Answers
Ch. 9 Review Pgs. 356-357 #1-31 Write Questions and Answers 356-357 #1-5 Answers 1. The layer of the upper mantle that can flow is the: A - Asthenosphere 2. Most scientists rejected Wegener s theory of
More informationHow to Build a Mountain and other Geologic Structures. But first, questions
How to Build a Mountain and other Geologic Structures But first, questions Questions your students might ask How were Montana s mountains formed? How old are the mountains? What are the different ways
More informationHow to Build a Mountain and other Geologic Structures. But first a short review
How to Build a Mountain and other Geologic Structures But first a short review Where do we see deep earthquakes? What is happening there? What can happen at a plate boundary? 1. Plates can move apart
More informationGrand Unifying Theory of everything... for the Geosciences, at least!
Plate Tectonics: Grand Unifying Theory of everything... for the Geosciences, at least! The Earth s lithosphere, composed of Oceanic and continental crust, is broken up into pieces that move and interact
More information