180 points. 1. Lava erupts through an opening in Earth s crust called a. 2. A bowl-shaped depression that forms around the vent of a volcano is a

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1 CHAPTER 18 Volcanism SECTION 18.1 Volcanoes In your textbook, read about the anatomy of a volcano and volcanic material. Completes each statement or answer the question. 25 points 180 points volcano. In your textbook, read about types of volcanoes Identify the type or types of volcano being described as shield volcano, cinder-cone volcano, or composite volcano. 1. Lava erupts through an opening in Earth s crust called a 2. A bowl-shaped depression that forms around the vent of a volcano is a 3. Broad, gently sloping volcanoes with quiet eruptions are called 4. The most explosive volcanoes are 5. Where do most volcanoes form? 6. What forms when the top or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber? 7. What type of volcano forms where plates move apart? 8. When magma reaches Earth s surface, it is called 9. Volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries are associated with Forms when tephra are ejected into the air then fall back to Earth and pile up around a vent 14. Has broad, gently sloping sides and a nearly circular base 15. Forms when layers of basaltic lava accumulate during a nonexplosive eruption 16. Mauna Kea in Hawaii is an example. 17. Small volcano with steep sides 18. Forms when layers of tephra alternate with lava 19. Forms from lava that contains relatively small amounts of gases and silica 20. Forms from lava that is higher in water and silica content than lava that forms shield volcanoes 21. Fueled by magma that contains large amounts of silica, water, and gases 22. Magma that fuels this type of volcano contains large volumes of gases but not silica and water. 23. Potentially the most dangerous to humans and most destructive to the environment 24. Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier are examples.

2 25 points SECTION 18.1 Volcanoes, continued In your textbook, read about where volcanoes occur. Most of the world s volcanoes form along (25) c plate boundaries. Slabs of oceanic crust descend into the (26) m and melt. The magma that forms is forced upward through the overlying plate and forms (27) V when it reaches Earth s surface. The (28) C P b marks the locations of most convergent boundary volcanoes. It stretches along the (29) w coasts of North and South America and down the eastern coast of Asia. At (30) d plate boundaries, magma is forced upward into fractures and faults that form as plates separate or spread apart. Most of the volcanoes that form along divergent boundaries are located underwater along (31) o r. This type of volcanic activity can be observed above sea level in (32) I, which sits atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Some volcanoes that form far from plate boundaries form over (33) h, which are unusually hot regions of Earth s mantle. At hot spots, high-temperature plumes melt rock. The magma that forms moves upward toward the (34) c and melts the crust to form a volcano. As a tectonic plate moves over a hot spot, a string of volcanoes forms. The (35) H I are forming as the result of a hot spot. Hot spots can also result in the formation of (36) p, which erupt from fissures to form a flat plain or a (37) f b rather than volcanic mountains. Reviewing Vocabulary For each item described in Chapter 18 write the word. _t 1. Volcanic fragments thrown into air during a volcanic eruption _v 2. Internal resistance to flow _p 3. Intrusive igneous rock body _v 4. Opening in Earth s crust through which lava erupts (4 letters) _c 5. Bowl-shaped depression around a vent at the top of a volcano _c 6. Depression that forms when the top or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber _h s 7. Unusually hot areas in the mantle that are stationary for long periods of time. Label the illustration using terms from Chapter 18.

3 CHAPTER 20 Mountain Building SECTION 20.1 Crust Mantle Relationships In your textbook, read about Earth s topography and the relationships between the crust and the mantle. Write an answer that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Approximately how much of Earth s surface is below sea level? 2. Approximately how much of Earth s surface is above sea level? 30 points 3. The largest percentage of Earth s surface above sea level ranges in elevation from 0 km to 4. How far below sea level is the largest percentage of Earth s surface? 5. Describe the kind of rock and density of the oceanic crust. In your textbook, read about isostasy and erosion. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. equilibrium isostatic rebound mantle mountains roots seamounts smaller Isostasy is a condition of (6) between the mass of Earth s crust and the buoyancy of the mantle. Topographic highs in the crust have deep (7) that extend into the mantle and provide buoyant support. Continents are said to float on the denser (8). As (9) rise, deep roots form. As mountains are eroded, their roots become (10). As material is removed from mountains by erosion, the crust slowly rises. This process known as (11). Such crustal movements resulting from isostasy are not restricted to continents, but also occur when volcanic mountains on the seafloor, called (12), form. The Birth of the Himalayas The greatest challenge for mountain climbers is Mt. Everest, whose peak rises 8,872 meters above sea level. This is the highest mountain in the world, though many mountains around it are almost as high. Mt. Everest is in the Himalayas, a series of massive ranges that extends 2,500 kilometers across South Asia north of India. The Himalayas cover all or part of the countries of Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan. A climber on the high slopes of Mt. Everest would probably be surprised to learn that the region was relatively flat about 40 million years ago. It was then that two continental plates collided. The plate carrying India had been moving northward for millions of years. The oceanic crust in front of it was slowly subducted under the Eurasian plate. But when the two continents collided, subduction stopped because India could not sink into the mantle. Instead, it pushed crust upward and downward. The Himalayas were one result. Thus, the Himalayas are actually pieces of plates broken and lifted up because of the collision. Another result of this collision was the movement of China eastward, as the movement of India northward pushed the Eurasian plate in front of it. The collision is still occurring today. In fact, the Himalayas are growing in elevation at a rate of about 1 centimeter per year. Answer the following questions. 1. Where are the Himalayas? 2. What was the area of the Himalayas like 40 million years ago? 3. How did the movement of plates create the Himalayas? 4. What else resulted from the collision of those plates? 5. What type of plate boundary exists today along the Himalayas? 6. If the Himalayas continue to grow in elevation at their present rate, how tall will Mt. Everest be in one million years?

4 30 points SECTION 20.2 Convergent Boundary Mountains In your textbook, read about mountains that form as the result of convergence. Use the terms below to label the diagrams. On the line below each diagram, write the name of the type of boundary pictured. continental crust deformed sediments fault basin sediments magma island arc complex volcanic mountains mantle oceanic crust subducting plate trench continental crust trench magma oceanic crust sediments subducting plate volcanic mountains 20. Which convergent plate boundary does not include a subduction zone? Why? not form as the result of continental-convergence Use the two plates have the same density be sub 21. How can oceanic sediments become part of continental mountains? 22. How do the mountains that form along an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary differ from those associated with an oceanic-continental convergent boundary? Mo oceanic-oceanic boundary 23. Briefly describe the events that led to the formation of the Appalachian Mountains. 20. Which convergent plate boundary does not include a subduction zone? Why? 21. How can oceanic sediments become part of continental mountains? Oceanic sediments may fill the area between a trench and the coast to form mountains. 24. Which are older, the Rocky Mountains or the Appalachian Mountains? Describe the evidence used to distinguish age of mountains.. An island

5 Name 30 points Date Class period SECTION 20.3 Other Types of Mountains In your textbook, read about divergent boundary and nonboundary mountains. For each item write the word from the box Tetons Basin and Range Province fault-block mountain Mauna Kea ocean ridge pillow basalts uplifted mountain solitary volcanic peaks 1. Region of very broad uplift at a divergent plate boundary on the ocean floor 2. Igneous rocks that form along ocean ridges 3. Forms when a large region of Earth s crust is uplifted as a unit 4. Example of uplifted mountains 5. Forms when large pieces of crust are tilted, uplifted, or dropped between large faults 6. Example of fault-block mountains 7. Form when plates move over hot spots in Earth s mantle 8. Example of hot-spot volcanic peak Answer the following questions. 9. What causes regional uplift? Heat from the mantle causes the overlying crust to rebound, or upward 10. How do mountains form over hot spots? As a tectonic In your textbook, read about nonboundary mountains. Answer the following questions. 11. What makes uplifted mountains, fault-block mountains, and hot-spot volcanoes different from other mountains? They generally form far from 12. Describe the rocks that make up uplifted mountains. How are these rocks different from rocks associated with plate-boundary orogeny? The rocks of uplifted mountains show little deformation, unlike the rocks. 13. Describe how fault-block mountains form. Fault-block, uplifted, or. 14. Describe and classify the mountains of the Basin and Range Province. The mountains of the Basin and 15. How did the mountains of Hawaii form? 16. Which type of mountains are the Wasatch Mountains of Utah?

6 20 points Applying Scientific Methods Read a geologist s report below on one area of Alaska. Then use the information in the report and the cross-sectional diagram of central Alaska to answer the questions. The central Brooks Range of Alaska is an area of rugged, east-trending ridges with heights of up to about 2500 m. This range, which stretches across northern Alaska, is part of the Rocky Mountain system. Sedimentary rocks are common in the Brooks Range. These rocks are complexly folded and faulted in the Brooks Range and are less deformed elsewhere. Some marine sedimentary rocks contain small fossils of invertebrates, shells, and corals and are found near the mountains summits of the Brooks Range. The fossils provide information that is useful in dating rocks and establishing the geological sequence. Metamorphic rocks, such as marble and dolomite, are found along the south side of the range. Several episodes of uplift, deformation, and intrusion have produced complexly folded, fractured, and thrust faulted blocks. Erosion and heavy glaciation account for the rugged mountain profiles and U-shaped valleys evident today. Thinking Critically Use the map of the Hawaiian Islands to answer the following questions. The dates on the map represent the approximate times (millions of years before the present [M.Y.B.P.]) that the islands formed. 1. Describe the kind of orogeny that formed these islands that are far from tectonic plate boundaries. 2. According to the map, list the Hawaiian Islands in order from oldest to youngest. 3. Where would you expect the next island in the group to form? 1. Note that the mountains roots extend into the mantle. Which mountain range has the greatest mass above Earth s surface? 2. From the diagram, what type of plate boundary exists in the south? 3. How does the Chugach Range appear to have formed? 4. From the evidence presented in the report, how do you think the Brooks Range formed? What led you to this conclusion? 5. How can you explain the presence of marine sedimentary rock in the Brooks Range? Describe its location and mark the place on the map. 4. How do the shapes of the mountains in this complex differ from the shapes of volcanoes in large mountain ranges? 5. How does the formation of these mountains change the underlying crust?

7 The Dynamic Earth UNIT 5 STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY Match the geologic phenomenon or process below with the correct group of terms. 20 points earthquake intrusive activity orogeny plate tectonics volcano 1. Seafloor spreading, ridge push, slab pull 2. Batholiths, stocks, laccoliths 3. Caldera, crater, hot spot 4. Fault, seismic waves, epicenter 5. Folding, faulting, uplift Use each of the terms below to complete the statements. convection currents faults hot spot magnetic patterns modified-mercalli scale volcanoes 6. Evidence of seafloor spreading is provided by symmetric of ocean-floor rocks. 7. Plate movements are related to in Earth s mantle that cause warm matter to rise and cool matter to sink. 8. Cinder-cone, shield, and composite are three types of. 9. Earthquakes occur when stress in rock is released at breaks in Earth s crust called. 10. An earthquake s intensity, or the amount of damage it causes, is measured on the. 11. A solitary volcanic peak may form when a plate moves over a in Earth s mantle. 12. Explain how the hot spot shown in the diagram above created the Hawaiian Islands. Draw an arrow on the diagram to help explain the process. 13. Describe evidence that the Yellowstone Hot Spot Volcano has moved in geological time. Describe evidence that the Yellowstone Volcano has not erupted in recent geological time.

8 Video Study Guide: Earth Revealed Episode 7: Mountain Building Read the questions first. Then answer them while watching this episode of "Earth Revealed". The video is available online at 7. How does plate tectonics explain how ocean sediments are found in mountains? 8. Describe the rock cycle. 1. What are tectonic processes and what fuels them? 2. What are cratons? 9. Describe the accretion process and how it relates to the building of the continents. 3. What types of rock make up the Canadian Shield (as well as most other cratons)? 10. What is a terrain? 4. Describe the initial formation of earth's continental crustal materials. 11. What commonly marks the boundaries of accreted terrains? 12. What is responsible for the continued uplift of many major mountain ranges? 5. How is greenstone changed into granitic continental rock? 13. What is isostasy? 6. Why are the youngest portions of the continents along the edges? 14. What two factors contribute to the formation of mountains?

9 Mountain Building 6 2 Across 6. pluton that cuts across preexisting rocks and often forms when magma invades cracks in surrounding rock 7. batholiths, stocks, sills, and dikes 8. unusually hot area in Earth's mantle that is stationary for long periods of time where higher temperature plumes of mantle material rise toward the surface 10. igneous rock formed when magma pushes through dikes and erupts onto the seafloor 12. pluton that forms when magma intrudes parallel rock layers 13. large, igneous rock mass that is common in the interior of major mountain chains 16. large crater that can form when the summit or side of a volcano collapses into the magma chamber during or after an eruption 18. bowl-shaped depression that forms around the central vent at the summit of a volcano 19. what is built by volcanoes or when land is pushed upward by earthquake faults; as described in chapter 20 in the textbook 20. irregular shaped pluton smaller than a batholith that cuts across older rocks Down 1. slow process of Earth's crust rising as the result of the removal of mass from the crust 2. relatively smaller, mushroom-shaped pluton that forms when magma intrudes into parallel rock layers close to Earth's surface 3. opening in Earth's crust through lava erupts and flows out onto the surface 4. large sloping volcano built by violent eruptions of volcanic fragments and lava that accumulate in alternating layers 5. condition of equilibrium that describes the displacement of Earth's mantle by Earth's continental and oceanic crust 9. rock fragments that are thrown into the air during a volcanic eruption and fall to the ground 11. broad volcano with gently sloping sides built by nonexplosive eruptions of basaltic lava that accumulates in layers 14. type of mountains that form when large pieces of crust are tilted, uplifted, or dropped downward between large normal faults 15. steep-sided smaller volcano that is built by the accumulation of tephra around the vent 17. cycle of processes that form all mountain ranges, resulting in broad mountain belts, most of which are associated with pate boundaries Created by Puzzlemaker at DiscoveryEducation.com

10 Illustrate and describe how the various mountains of the Earth have been formed geologically.

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