GCSE Geography Paper 1 Practice Paper

Transcription

1 GCSE Geography Paper 1 Practice Paper Student Name: Academy: GCSE Geography Paper 1 Living with the physical environment Assessment Objectives: A01 = 21% is about knowledge A02 = 31% is about understanding A03 = 24% is about application A04 = 23% is about skills Remember: You may use a calculator 1

2 Section A The Challenge of Natural Hazards Question 1: Study Figure 1, a photograph showing a volcanic eruption in Alaska. Figure 1 1a) State what type of hazard is featured in Figure 1 (1) 1b) Outline one reason why the hazard risk shown in Figure 1 would be increased if there was significant population growth in this area (2) 1c) Which one of the following provides the best definition of a natural hazard? (1) A An event that has threatened life and property B A disaster in a natural area with a low human population C A natural event that has directly caused the deaths of 100 people D A natural event that has directly caused any people to be injured or killed 2

3 2a) Study figure 2, a cross section showing the structure of the earth. What is the thickest layer in the cross section of the Earth? (1) Figure 2 A Crust B Upper mantle C Lower mantle D Outer core 2b) Outline the role of convection currents to the theory of plate tectonics (2) 3

4 3. Explain why earthquakes are volcanoes are often found at constructive plate boundaries (4) 4. With the aid of figure 3 and your own knowledge, justify that climate change is not just the result of human actions (6) Figure 3 Causes of climate change 5. Using an example(s), assess the extent to which monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the risks of tectonic hazard(s) (9 +3) 4

5 Section B: The Living World Study figure 6, a world map showing some large scale global ecosystems. Figure 6 5a) Using figure 6, which one of the following statements is correct? Shade one circle only. (1) A Most areas of temperate forest are found in the southern hemisphere B Most tundra areas are found in North America, Northern Europe and Russia. C There are no tundra areas found south of the equator D There are no tropical rainforests in South America and Africa 5

6 6b) Describe the distribution of tropical rainforests shown in Figure 6 (2) 6c) Which one of the following statements describes the characteristics of a deciduous (temperate) woodland? (1) A The rainfall is high, between 500-1,500 mm a year. The temperatures remain on average above 0 C even in the winter. The summer temperatures average between C B Temperatures are extreme. During the day the temperature may reach 50 C, when at night it may fall to below 0 C. Deserts have less than 250 mm of rainfall per year. C Found near the Equator. The climate is hot and humid and many different species can be found here D Located in high latitude areas and mountainous regions of the world. They have an extreme climate and unique characteristics such as the soil type and the plants and animals found there. The biodiversity is low. 7 a) With the help of figure 6 and your own knowledge, describe and explain how animals have adapted to the conditions found in the tropical rainforest (6) Figure 6 6

7 7. Study Figure 7, which shows how the forested regions of the world changed between 2005 and Figure 7 7a) Which region of the world had the greatest rate of deforestation between 2005 and 2009? (1) 7b) State the number of regions of the world where the rate of deforestation was greater than the world average rate of deforestation between 2005 and [1] 7c) Outline one possible environmental impact of deforestation. (2) 7d) Suggest one way that international co-operation can help make tropical rainforests more sustainable. (2) 7

8 8. Study Figure 8, a fact file and photograph of the Trans Alaskan Pipeline System (TAPS) Figure miles long - Transports oil from Prudhoe bay to Valdez in South Alaska miles are elevated on vertical supports - The pipeline was built in 1977 following a major oil crisis. - By law, once the oil has run out, all trace of the pipeline has to be removed 8a Using figure 8 and your own knowledge, assess the opportunities for development of a cold environment you have studied (6) 9. Use a case study to assess the impacts of deforestation (9) 8

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10 Section C: Physical Landscapes Q10. Study Figure A, a 1: Ordnance Survey map extract of part of the coast of south west England. Figure A (a) Using Figure A, match the coastal feature below to the correct grid reference. Shade one circle only. Choose from the following grid references: A B C Coastal feature Grid reference Wave cut platform 10

11 (1) (b) What is the straight line distance between Warren Point (6642) and Bolt Tail (6639)? Shade one circle only. A B C D 1.8 km 2.4 km 3.0 km 3.6 km (1) (c) Suggest one reason for the uneven shape of the coastline shown in Figure A. (1) Study Figure B, a photograph of Bolt Tail shown in grid square 6639 Figure A. Figure B (d) Using Figure A and Figure B, in which direction was the photographer facing when the picture was taken? Shade one circle only. A B C D North east North west South east South west 11

12 (1) (e) Name one process of erosion that may affect these cliffs. (1) (Total 5 marks) Q11. Study the photograph showing sea defences at Beesands in Devon. Suggest how the sea defences help to protect the coastline. (Total 4 marks) Q12. Study the sketch map showing features of coastal deposition. 12

13 Using the map and your own knowledge, explain how different landforms may be created by the transport and deposition of sediment along the coast. (Total 6 marks) Q13. Study the figure below, a 1: Ordnance Survey map extract of part of the River Ouse. 13

14 (a) State one characteristic of the course of the River Ouse in grid square (1) (b) Give the difference in height between the river flood plain at and the spot height at (1) (Total 2 marks) Q14. Study the figure, a diagram showing the long and two cross profiles of a river. 14

15 (a) Describe the shape of the river s long profile. (1) (b) Suggest one reason why the cross profile of the river valley changes between A and B. (1) (c) State one reason why the size of sediment carried by the river decreases downstream. (1) (Total 3 marks) Q15. Study the photograph showing the effects of river flooding in Somerset in

16 Explain the likely economic effects of river flooding on the area shown in the photograph. (Total 4 marks) Q16. Study the photograph showing the waterfall at High Force on the River Tees. 16

17 Using the photograph, explain the processes involved in the formation of the landforms shown. (Total 6 marks) 17

18 Mark schemes Q1a) Tectonic or Geological b) More people in danger (1) which means evacuation routes would be congested (1) emergency services would struggle to help an increasing number people (1) c) D Q2a) D 2b) Heat rises from the core as a result of radioactive decay (1) forming convention cells as hot magma rises in the mantle moving the tectonic plates above (1) Q3. Volcanoes are formed as plates move apart (1) leading to magma rising to fill the gap which leads to volcanoes (1) Earthquakes are formed as when the plates move apart friction and pressure builds (1) which is eventually released (1) to trigger the quake Q4. Detailed 5-6 Clear 3-4 A03 applies detailed knowledge and clearly recognizes both human and natural causes reaching a meaningful conclusion at the end. A02 demonstrates accurate understanding of causes of climate change. At the top of this level gives both sides. A04 Makes clear and effective use of the photo Basic 1-2 Demonstrates limited knowledge and makes limited use of the photo. Q5. 18

19 Q6a) B 6b) Mostly between the tropics (1) e.g. South America such as Amazon in Brazil (1) or Africa, Nigeria (1) 6c) A Q7. 7 continued. 19

20 Q8a: Detailed 5-6 A01 has detailed knowledge A03 assesses (shows both sides) and comes to a meaningful conclusion e.g. The Antarctic Treaty versus rising demand for tourism to remote locations such as the Poles. Clear 3-4 A02 demonstrates clear understanding of opportunities and threats at the top of this level e.g. may consider tourism as an additional opportunity. A04 Makes clear and effective use of the photo Basic 1-2 Demonstrates limited knowledge and makes limited use of the photo. Q9. Level 3 (7-9) A01 - Detailed case study knowledge about the Amazon A02 detailed understanding of a range of impacts including on economy and environment (climate change and soil) A03 Clear assessment with reasoned judgement at the end Level 2 (4-6) Ao1 clear case study knowledge 20

21 A02 clear understanding of more than one impact at top of level gives both sides (A03) Level 1(1-3) Ao1 basic knowledge of place may only name drop the Amazon. A02 limited understanding of impacts A03 does not assess Q10. (a) One mark for the correct answer: B No credit if two or more answers shaded. AO4 = 1 (b) One mark for the correct answer: B 2.4 km. No credit if two or more answers shaded. AO4 = 1 (c) Accept reference to the effect of: direction of dominant waves (1) differences in offshore gradient (1) differences in rock type and gradient, e.g. some rocks are stronger than others resisting wave attack (1) structural differences, e.g. faulting and jointed structures (1). Answers must apply understanding of coastal factors to interpret the resource. No credit for description of the coastal features or for explanations relating to different types of waves. AO3 = 1 (d) One mark for the correct answer: B North west. No credit if two or more answers are shaded. AO4 = 1 (e) The process only has to be named. There is no requirement to explain or describe the process. Likely to state hydraulic power (action) (1) or abrasion (corrasion) (1). Allow solution or corrosion. No credit for attrition. 21 AO1 = 1 [5]

22 Q11. Level Marks Description 2 (Clear) 3 4 AO2 Demonstrates clear understanding of how coastal defence(s) work in defending the coast. AO3 Application is sound with clear interpretation of the strategies shown in the photograph. 1 (Basic) 1 2 AO2 Shows limited understanding of how the coastal defence(s) work. AO3 Application is limited with basic interpretation of the strategy(ies) shown in the photograph. 0 No relevant content. Indicative content (Curved) sea walls reflect the energy of the waves back to the sea. They protect the base of cliffs, land and buildings against erosion and can prevent coastal flooding in some areas. Rock armour consists of large boulders piled up on the beach. These absorb the energy of waves and may allow the build-up of a beach. No credit for simply identifying the type of sea defence or for describing other hard (or soft) engineering strategies. AO2 = 2 AO3 = 2 [4] Q12. Level Marks Description 3 (Detailed) 5 6 AO3 Demonstrates thorough application of knowledge and understanding to analyse geographical information, giving detailed explanation of formation of the features shown. AO3 Makes full analysis of the resource, using evidence to support response. 2 (Clear) 3 4 AO1 Demonstrates specific and accurate knowledge of processes and landforms in depositional coastal environments. AO2 Shows clear geographical understanding of the interrelationships between coastal environments and processes. 22

23 1 (Basic) 1 2 AO1 Demonstrates some knowledge of processes in depositional coastal environments. May be limited to an explanation of longshore drift and other processes only. Alternatively the account may be descriptive and be confined to landform appearance and structure. AO2 Shows limited geographical understanding of the interrelationships between coastal environments and processes. 0 No relevant content. Indicative content Responses should analyse the map, finding connections and providing a logical chain of reasoning. The question implies knowledge of the processes of transportation and deposition as well as landform(s) of deposition. Emphasis is on explanation, so processes should be outlined as well as the sequence of formation. In the specification the relevant landforms are beaches, spits and bars, but credit other variations such as tombolos and barrier islands. The landforms are created by the process of longshore drift. Some eroded material is caught up within the waves and is carried by the sea along the coastline. Material is carried along the shore in a zigzag fashion by waves as they swash material up the beach at an angle and backwash material down the beach at a right angle. The angle of swash is determined by the prevailing wind. On the map the direction is from west to east as shown by the prevailing wind, and the shape and growth of the spit. Credit processes of transportation such as traction, saltation and suspension. Allow labelled diagrams as part of the explanation of processes and landforms. Spits are formed by longshore drift in areas of relatively shallow and sheltered water where there is a change in the direction of the coastline. Deposition occurs, resulting in the accumulation of sand and shingle. The material initially deposited is the largest material, dropped due to the reduction in energy. A bay bar may develop across the entrance to a bay and eventually join two headlands due to transport of sediment by longshore drift. Beaches are areas of sand, pebbles and shingle that are formed by deposition produced by wave processes and by longshore drift. Gently sloping beaches are formed by strong destructive waves that backwash more material away from the beach than they swash up the beach. Steeply sloping beaches are formed by constructive waves that swash more material up the beach than they backwash away, building up a steep beach gradient. AO1 = 2 AO2 = 2 AO3 = 2 [6] Q13. (a) One mark for identifying appropriate characteristic evident in grid square 4754, e.g. the river meanders (1) the river flows from south west to north east across the area of the grid square (1). 23

24 No credit for features of the river banks, e.g. levées, or the surrounding floodplain. AO4 = 1 (b) One mark for the correct answer: 32 metres (m). Must include units. AO4 = 1 [2] Q14. (a) One mark for statements which show understanding of the gradient of the river, e.g. concave shape/steep in the upper course (1), gentler slope in lower course (1). No credit for statements about the cross profile, e.g. steep banks at the beginning, flatter in the lower course. AO4 = 1 (b) Answers must suggest one reason for the decrease in slope angle of valley sides, based on an interpretation of the information provided, e.g. the valley sides become less steep because of the effects of mass wasting and weathering (1) near the source the river cuts downwards, but further downstream it is eroding laterally (1). No credit for description of changes in valley profile between A and B. AO3 = 1 (c) One mark for showing the general idea of attrition, e.g. particles in the river may collide with each other (attrition) (1) gradually become smaller in size (1). No credit for answers that do not explain the mechanism, e.g. rocks break up. AO1 = 1 [3] Q15. Level Marks Description 2 (Clear) 3 4 AO2 Shows clear understanding of how river flooding has economic effects. AO3 Demonstrates application of knowledge and understanding to make full interpretation of the photograph, suggesting likely economic effects in the area shown. 1 (Basic) 1 2 AO2 Shows limited understanding of how river flooding has economic effects. AO3 Demonstrates application of 24

25 knowledge and understanding to make limited interpretation of the photograph, suggesting possible economic effect(s) in the area shown. 0 No relevant content. Indicative content The focus of the question must be on the economic effects of river flooding. Direct interpretation of the photograph is required. Damage to property, which may be very costly to repair. High costs of temporary rehousing and additional travel. Decline in the local economy as businesses are unable to operate without power or road connections. Unemployment may increase if businesses are unable to fully recover from a flood. Disruption to agriculture as fields are flooded, crops submerged under water and livestock stranded or drowned. Communities are cut off from normal supplies-people are unable to travel to shops and services, or to reach work. Closure of roads may mean extensive detours for other traffic, which is expensive and time consuming. Huge cost of floods to insurers, resulting in rising premiums. No credit for effects that cannot be reasonably deduced from the photograph, or for social and environmental effects, unless there is a related economic impact. AO2 = 2 AO3 = 2 [4] Q16. Level Marks Description 3 (Detailed) 5 6 AO3 Demonstrates thorough application of knowledge and understanding to analyse geographical information, giving detailed explanation of formation of the features shown AO3 Makes full analysis of the resource, using evidence to support response. 2 (Clear) 3 4 AO1 Demonstrates specific and accurate knowledge of river processes and environments. AO2 Shows thorough geographical understanding of the interrelationships between river environments and processes. 1 (Basic) 1 2 AO1 Demonstrates some knowledge of river processes and environments. 25

26 AO2 Shows limited geographical understanding of the interrelationships between environments and processes. 0 No relevant content. Indicative content Responses should analyse the photograph, finding connections and providing a logical chain of reasoning. The question implies knowledge of fluvial processes, and their interrelationship with the landform(s) created. Emphasis is on explanation, so processes should be outlined as well as the sequence of formation. Processes include the erosional processes of hydraulic action and abrasion or corrasion. Erosion is most rapid during powerful flood events. Credit transportation processes such as traction and saltation as well as processes of deposition as evidenced in the large debris to the right of the channel in the foreground. Mass movement processes may be relevant in the context of valley formation. A waterfall with plunge pool, and a steep sided valley or gorge is clearly visible. Credit reference to the more gently sided valley in the background, above the waterfall. Explanation will refer to geology where horizontal bands of hard and soft rock are crossed by the river as it flows down the long profile. The hard rock is on top the cap rock. This leads to differential erosion as the underlying soft rock is eroded faster than the overlying hard rock via abrasion and hydraulic action. Over time, the soft rock is gouged out to leave an overhang as the profile is steepened. This will be unable to support its weight and will collapse into the plunge pool providing further material for erosion and the deepening of the waterfall. Over many centuries, the waterfall may retreat to form a gorge of recession. AO1 = 2 AO2 = 2 AO3 = 2 [6] 26