Basic Land Navigation. Clark County Sheriff Core Comp Rev. # Land Navigation

Transcription

1 Basic Land Navigation Clark County Sheriff Core Comp Rev. # Land Navigation

2 Requirement Through written evaluation the applicant will demonstrate knowledge of land navigation involved in Search and Rescue in the State of Washington. Classroom - Performance Criteria 1. Identify the different types of maps used in SAR. 2. Identify the primary coordinate systems in use today. 3. Identify a location on a map using Latitude and Longitude (degrees minutes - decimal minutes). 4. Identify a location on a map using UTM. 5. Define the difference between True and Magnetic north. 6. Identify the relevance of Datum and coordinate systems 7. Identify the advantages and limitations of GPS. 8. Define several advantages and disadvantages of the different map coordinate systems. 9. Determine the elevation of a point on a map. 10. The coordinate system most commonly used by aircraft and maritime vessels. 11. Identify 10 common map symbols. 12. Identify the components of a compass.

3 Requirement Field - Performance Criteria Through performance evaluation, the applicant will demonstrate the ability to (These Field Performance Criteria Must be performed in a field setting Proficiency Must Be Demonstrated) Numbers 11 thru 12 - Do Not Apply to Support or Limited Field Responders. 1. Orient a map, compensating for declination. 2. Use a scale to measure distance on a map. 3. Identify five elements of the legend on a topographic map. 4. Read contour lines on a topographic map and identify their relationship to physical objects on the ground. 5. Plot a bearing on a map. 6. Plot their location using a map and compass 7. Determine the bearing between two points and the back azimuth on a map. 8. Adjust for declination (compass). 9. Demonstrate the ability to take a bearing on a selected object, expressing it in both true and magnetic degrees (compass). 10. Plot a coordinate using the primary coordinate system in your area of operation (lat/long, UTM, National Grid). 11. Demonstrate the ability to navigate between four (4) selected points in your primary search area for a minimum distance of.5 mile (or 1/2 mile) with no more than four (4) (+/- 2) degrees of deviation (using the appropriate tools, i.e. compass, map, GPS). 12. Demonstrate the ability to navigate around an obstacle blocking your selected path while staying on course (compass).

4 MAPS Topographical Maps Street Maps Aerial/Satellite Maps USGS Maps Several types of maps are used in Land Navigation There are others as well, however for most Law Enforcement purposes, these are the most commonly used.

5 Topographical Maps A graphical representation of an area on the planet that shows all of the contours of a given area They can be very detailed They are packed with useful information They are the most common map used in Land Navigation

6 Street Maps Street maps are the second most common map used They too can be packed full of useful information and some are often a hybrid of Street/Topo map

7 Satellite/Aerial View Maps Very useful for the Command post to get a Big Picture idea Used also in conjunction with Topo Maps to put a birds eye view on the area Can be accessed via most Smart Phones if internet access is available Google maps app.

8 Basic Tools Needed for Navigation GPS Map & Compass Tools PENCIL 1 2 N MAP W N E WATERPROOF MAP CARRIER S CARD COMPASS 270PROTRACTOR 90 RULER String

9 GPS The GPS has become the choice for Navigation over Map and Compass The GPS should however, NEVER be depended as the sole form of Navigation It compliments the Map & Compass It is battery operated and can be effected by the weather and terrain

10 GPS Advantages Powerful tool that can carry many maps Give easy guidance Easy way to track your movements Disadvantages It is an electronic device out in the woods Accuracy can be effected by weather and terrain Battery operated Can be dropped or broken

11 Map & Compass The Map and Compass MUST be used together for successful Land Navigation Map and Compass work are a very perishable skills and MUST be practiced often In the woods is not the time to Wish you would have practiced more

12 Map & Compass Accessories You Should assemble a basic Land Nav kit A few items to compliment your Navigation Kit and make life easier PENCIL 1 2 Waterproof Map case N MAP W N E Pencil Protractor WATERPROOF MAP CARRIER S CARD COMPASS 270PROTRACTOR RULER 4 Ruler String (for measuring curves)

13 Map and Compass Accessories Waterproof case is essential $ $50.00 Buy a nice case to hold Map and accessories In a pinch a Ziploc bag works well

14 Protractors Many different types of Protractors Most do the same things it is really a personal preference The cost is usually a few dollars

15 Protractors Cont Assist you with Plotting of routes and bearings Can be used as rulers for measuring distance Will often have various map scale grid rulers

16 Pencil Dry Erase Pen Fine Tip Sharpie Use the pencil for making initial plotting's on the map Use the Dry erase marker on the Map Case or Ziploc Use the Fine tip Sharpie for making permanent marks

17 Pace Count Beads Used to measure travelling by you pace count. $10.00

18 MAPS They come in various sizes and scales The most common we will use will be the 1:24,000 1 inch on the map = 24,000 inches on the ground, or about 2000 feet This is the most used scale as it gives you the most amount of detail in a scale you can work with on a single sheet of paper

19 Coordinate Systems There are several in use today UTM Universal Transverse Mercator UTM is the Primary system used in Land SAR Latitude and Longitude Lat/Long is the primary system used by Aircraft and Maritime USNG United States National Grid Very similar to UTM and Military grid

20 Differing Coordinate Systems Advantages/Disadvantages Using latitude and longitude is good if you're navigating over Long distances such as when flying a plane or navigating a ship. But for people using maps to navigate for short distances, latitude and longitude are impractical. For land Navigation, the grid system most commonly used is the UTM system. The UTM system was developed by the military during World War Ifor long range military artillery, but its practicality for any type of land navigation soon made it the universal standard for all military uses, and it quickly migrated to non military use.

21 DATUM DATUM is a reference from which measurements are made. In Surveying, adatumis a set of reference points on the Earth's surface against which position measurements are made and (often) an associated model of the shape of the Earth to define a geodetic coordinate system. Horizontal DATUM S are used for describing a point on the Earth s surface, in Latitude and Longitude, UTM, or other coordinate systems.

22 DATUM Types Known as Datum Adjustments or Epochs WGS84 NAD27 Original NAD83 = NAD83 (1986) NAD83 (1992) NAD83 (2002) Most Current NAD83 NAD83 (CORS96) (Epoch )

23 Coordinate systems and DATUM There are different Coordinate systems and Different DATUM S To work effectively in the field and with SAR base, everyone at SAR Base and in the field need to be on the same Coordinate system and DATUM. If not, then locations could be off by many feet or yards or further..

24 Map Scale Will tell you the map size, Contour intervals, and a scale ruler usually in Miles feet meters - Kilometers

25 Contour Lines One of the advantages to using a topographical map is that it shows the three dimensional lay of the land. It does this by using contour lines. A contour line is a line that connects points of equal elevation. On the topo map they appear as the brown lines

26 Map Terrain Feature Ridgeline: A ridgeline is a line of high ground, usually with changes in elevation along its top and low ground on all sides

27 Map Terrain Feature Hill: A hill is an area of high ground. From a hilltop, the ground slopes down in all directions

28 Map Terrain Feature Saddle: A saddle is a dip or low point between two areas of higher ground.

29 Map Terrain Feature Valley: A valley is a stretched-out groove in the land, usually formed by streams or rivers. A valley begins with high ground on three sides, and usually has a course of running water through it

30 Map Terrain Feature Ridge: A ridge is a sloping line of high ground. If you are standing on the centerline of a ridge, you will normally have low ground in three directions and high ground in one direction with varying degrees of slope.

31 Map Terrain Feature Depression: A depression is a low point in the ground or a sinkhole. It could be described as an area of low ground surrounded by higher ground in all directions, or simply a hole in the ground

32 Map Terrain Feature Spur: A spur is a short, continuous sloping line of higher ground, normally jutting out from the side of a ridge

33 Map Terrain Feature Draw: A draw is a less developed stream course than a valley. In a draw, there is essentially no level ground and, therefore, little or no maneuver room within its confines

34 Map legends There are many styles of map symbols. Get familiar with the ones that are used in your area Here are just a few.

35 Contour lines Campground

36 The Compass There are Numerous brands of Compass available As with all things you get what you pay for A dependable and accurate compass will cost about $30.00 Recommended brands are Silva and Suunto Must have adjustable Declination

37 Parts of the Compass

38 True North Vs. Magnetic North True North: Also known as Geographic North or Map North, is the geographic north pole where all longitude lines meet. All maps are laid out with true north directly at the top. Magnetic North: Think of the earth as a giant magnet. However, the earth's magnetic field is inclined at about 11 from the axis of rotation of the earth, so this means that the earth's magnetic pole doesn't correspond to the Geographic North Pole and because the earth's core is molten, the magnetic field is always shifting slightly. The red end of your compass needle is magnetized and wherever you are, the earth's magnetic field causes the needle to rotate until it lies in the same direction as the earth's magnetic field. This is magnetic north (marked as MN on a topographic map

39 True and Magnetic North True North is the direction along the earth's surface towards the geographic North Pole. Magnetic North the direction a compass points toward the Magnetic North Pole For basic Navigation, and to have your map work in harmony with your compass, aknowledge of how to use Declination is essential

40 Magnetic Declination The symbol is used in conjunction with a compass for navigational purposes. The center line with the star above represents the direction of true geographic north. For east declination the line coming off to the right represents the direction of magnetic north, When using a compass, the needle always points to magnetic north. The symbol tells you that for the area the map covers, the magnetic compass needle will always point 19 degrees to the east of true geographic north.

41 Magnetic Declination cont.. This chart shows a rough idea of the effect of Magnetic Declination in the US. The amount of declination changes slightly over time as the earth shifts its magnetic center.

42 Setting Declination on the compass If you spent the few extra dollars and bought a compass with Declination adjustment, you are set.

43 Boxing the Compass Needle When you get out in the field and begin to maneuver the bearings you have set, it is important to hold the compass consistently and to keep the Red arrow Boxed.

44 Metals effects on the compass Metal objects will affect the accuracy of your compass When navigating with the compass keep them away from your body If you have metal rings on, remove it or keep that hand away from the compass Ore deposits in the earth will also affect the compass. IE the lava fields up on Mt. St. Helens

45 Latitude and Longitude The Earth is divided into a grid LATITUDE lines run East to West LONGITUDE lines run North to South

46 Lat/Long cont.. To precisely locate points on the earth's surface, degrees longitude and latitude have been divided into minutes (') and seconds ("). Each Degree is about 69 miles in distance. There are 60 minutes in each degree. Each minute is divided into 60 seconds. Seconds can be further divided into tenths, hundredths, or even thousandths. Lat/Long is primarily used by Pilots and Mariners now as it is best for plotting long distance travel.

47 Lat/Long Example Clark County Safety Complex 45º N 122º W

48 Lat/long Vs. UTM Both are very accurate It is really a Ford Vs. Chevy mentality Both are read pretty much the same way in that there is a point on the map indicating a location. This location can be found by intersecting a Line running North and South by a line running East and West Whether you use Lat/Long lines or UTM grids, the result will be the same, as long as all teams and base are using the same coordinate system and datum.

49 UTM is Born The Universal Transverse Mercator projection and grid system was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1947 for designating rectangular coordinates on large scale military maps. UTM is currently used by the United States and NATO armed forces. With the advent of inexpensive GPS receivers, many other map users are adopting the UTM grid system for coordinates that are simpler to use than latitude and longitude

50 UTM UTM zones are numbered 1 through 60, starting at the international date line, longitude 180, and proceeding east. Zone 1 extends from 180 W to 174 W and is centered on 177 W. Each zone is divided into horizontal bands spanning 8 degrees of latitude. These bands are lettered, south to north, beginning at 80 S with the letter C and ending with the letter X at 84 N. The letters I and O are skipped to avoid confusion with the numbers one and zero. The band lettered X spans 12 of latitude. This is the Primary Coordinate system used in Land SAR

51 UTM World Map

52 UTM Zones For The Continental US 11-U UTM Zones For The Continental US 10-U 12-U 13-U 14-U 15-U 16-U 17-U 18-U 19-U 20-U 10-T 11-T 12-T 13-T 14-T 15-T 16-T 17-T 18-T 19-T 10-S 11-S 12-S 13-S 14-S 15-S 16-S 17-S 18-S 11-R 12-R 13-R 14-R 15-R 16-R 17-R

53 UTM A square grid is superimposed on each zone. It's aligned so that vertical grid lines are parallel to the center of the zone, called the central meridian. UTM grid coordinates are expressed as a distance in meters to the east, referred to as the "easting", and a distance in meters to the north, referred to as the "northing".

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57 How Reading UTM Works

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59 Easting Easting will read

60 Northing will read Northing

61 Into the CP your Coordinates would read Easting and Northing Northing Easting

62 Finding a UTM coordinate # E N

63 X

64 Finding a UTM coordinate # E N

65 X

66 Finding a UTM coordinate # E N

67 X

68 Finding a UTM coordinate # E N

69 X

70 Finding a UTM coordinate # E N

71 X

72 Bearings Getting from point A to point B You can do this in the pre-planning stages which is preferable Or you can do it in the field as long as you know your current position and can mark it on the map

73 You are here

74 You are here You want to go here

75 You want to go here Draw a straight line between them You are here

76 Place the edge of your compass along The line you have drawn You want to go here You are here

77 Next rotate the Bezel until the Meridian lines match North on the Map Once aligned read the degrees on The bezel and that is your bearing You want to go here You are here

78 Bearings cont.. A properly aligned compass on a Map to determine Bearing. The meridian lines in the base plate are parallel with the map grid lines.

79 Measuring Distance Now you know where you want to go and the bearings to get there Next you have to figure out how far it is Using the scale on the bottom of the map you can easily measure the straight line distance between the two points Your protractor or UTM guide is the perfect way to measure that distance If you don t have one any straight edge will do as long as you can mark the scale from the legend onto it Using a piece of string to follow the curves of a stream, trail, or road.

80 Using a protractor or any straight edged device measure point A to B and use the scale BLANK X Point B Point A

81 Measuring cont.. Improvising is OK. Use a small ruler, piece of paper, whatever, and line it up with the Scale at the bottom of the map and make your own marks on it.

82 Measuring cont.. Use your improvised measuring tool to work the bearing line on your map

83 Measuring cont.. The improvised ruler was able to get most of the Bearing line measured accurately. Use your Grid Ruler to get the last bit of line measured with accuracy.

84 Navigating around obstacles There will be times when unexpected obstacles will appear in your path You may have plotted your course perfectly. BUT Maps are not always current. They may not reflect seasonal lakes, streams or rivers A recent storm may have blown down a lot of trees directly in the past you need to navigate

85 You want to go here X Obstruction X Remember where you are at on your pace count. Post a man or an object to where you plan to deviate. Post a man on the other side of the obstruction in line with bearing. Turn 90 degrees and walk until you pass the obstruction You are here

86 You want to go here X Obstruction X When you clear the obstruction, turn back 90 degrees and resume pace count until you pass the obstruction You are here

87 You want to go here X Obstruction X Stop pace count and turn 90 degrees back to your original bearing. Make sure you line up your bearing with both posted known reference points You are here

88 Practical Exercise's Using your Map Compass UTM Grid square Ruler We will plot a start point and a destination We will determine the Bearing and Distance between the two

89 Problem #1 Plot the Following UTM Coordinates Starting Point E N Destination E N Determine the Bearing Determine the distance

90 Bearing is 55 Degrees NE Distance is 2000 meters Dest Start

91 Problem #2 Plot the Following UTM Coordinates Starting Point E N Destination E N Determine the Bearing Determine the distance

92 Bearing is 126 Degrees SE Distance is 3100 Meters Start Dest

93 Problem #3 Plot the Following UTM Coordinates Starting Point E N Destination E N Determine the Bearing Determine the distance

94 Bearing is 287 Degrees NW Distance is 2900 Meters Dest Start

95 Problem #4 Plot the Following UTM Coordinates Starting Point E N Destination E N Determine the Bearing Determine the distance

96 Dest Start Bearing is 32 Degrees NE Distance is 2860 Meters

97 Problem #5 Plot the Following UTM Coordinates Starting Point E N Destination E N Determine the Bearing Determine the distance

98 Bearing is 250 Degrees SW Distance is 3100 meters Start Dest

99 Problem #6 Plot the Following UTM Coordinates Starting Point E N Destination 1 E N Destination 2 E N Determine the distance and Bearing from Starting point to Destination 1 Determine the distance and Bearing from Destination 1 to Destination 2

100 Bearing is 29 Degrees NE Distance is 2680 Meters Dest 1 Dest 2 Start Bearing is 120 Degrees SE Distance is 1800 Meters

101 Pace Count Now that you have the Bearing, and measured the distance you have to get there accurately This is where the pace count beads come into play

102 Create your pace count One way to measure ground distance is the pace count. A pace is equal to one natural step, about 30 inches long To accurately use the pace count method, you must know how many paces it takes you to walk 100 meters. To determine this, you must walk an accurately measured course and count the number of paces you take Certain conditions affect your pace count in the field, and you must allow for them by making adjustments We will head to the field and figure out your pace count

103 Factors that will affect Pace Count Slopes - Your pace lengthens on a down slope and shortens on an upgrade Winds - A head wind shortens the pace and a tail wind increases it Surfaces - Sand, gravel, mud, snow, and similar surface materials tend to shorten the pace Elements - Falling snow, rain, or ice cause the pace to be reduced in length Clothing - Excess clothing and boots with poor traction affect the pace length Visibility - Poor visibility, such as in fog, rain, or darkness, will shorten your pace

104 How the Beads work The bead rope has a total of 13 beads on it. 9 on the bottom and 4 on the top Each lower bead represents 100 meters You start with all beads in the up position As you count off each 100 meters, you pull down a bead from the lower section to the bottom knot When you have reached your last lower bead you are at 900 meters You will then pull down the bottom bead from your top as you reach the 1000 meter mark Then pull the bottom 9 beads back up and start again

105 QUESTIONS?