Latitude and Longitude

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U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 1 Latitude and Longitude Note: These coordinates are always expressed LATITUDE/LONGITUDE!!! Coordinate System: Using and to find your position on Earth.

1 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 1 Latitude and Longitude Note: These coordinates are always expressed LATITUDE/LONGITUDE!!! Coordinate System: Using and to find your position on Earth. LATITUDE LATITUDE - lines running - measures the distance in degrees of the Equator. - Measured by parallels, because all lines of latitude are parallel. - largest value of latitude is - - Equator - North Pole - South Pole - Campbell, NY LONGITUDE LONGITUDE - lines running - Measures the distance in degrees of the prime meridian. - All meridian lines meet at the poles and are further apart at the equator. They are not parallel - largest value of longitude is - - Prime Meridian - International Date Line (IDL) - - Campbell, NY

1 0 of Latitude = 1 of Latitude = Distance between 1 o of Latitude = *At night in the,

2 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 2 Latitude: *Latitude lines are also called because they run parallel to the equator. 1 0 of Latitude = 1 of Latitude = Distance between 1 o of Latitude = *At night in the, latitude can be determined by measuring the altitude of (North Star) Remember: Latitude = Altitude (same spelling, just flip the first TWO letters)!!

Degrees per hour = 360/24 = The distance, in degrees, measured of the Prime Meridian.

3 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 3 Longitude: Based on the Sun s apparent motion through the sky. How long does it take the Earth to rotate once on its axis? How many degrees does it rotate in this time? Degrees per hour = 360/24 = The distance, in degrees, measured of the Prime Meridian. Prime Meridian passes through (Longitude 0 o ) Zenith: Hemispheres: Ex: Polaris when standing on the North Pole or The Sun at Noon on the Equator during an Equinox!

U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 4 Time Zones: 24 hours in a day Earth Rotates 360 o in a day (counterclockwise or W to E) Determining Longitude Using the Sun What time it is in Greenwich England

4 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 4 Time Zones: 24 hours in a day Earth Rotates 360 o in a day (counterclockwise or W to E) Determining Longitude Using the Sun What time it is in Greenwich England (prime meridian), What time is it where you are, Subtract Multiply the difference in time by 15 o If your time is earlier than Greenwich Mean Time, your longitude is, of the Prime Meridian. If your time is later than Greenwich Mean Time, your longitude is, of the Prime Meridian. Solar Time (noon) When the sun reaches its altitude in the sky, at your. U.S. Geological Survey Maps The United States Geological Survey produces topographic maps of the entire country. Each map covers a quadrangle bounded by meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. One series of quadrangles is called the 7.5 minute quadrangle series. It covers 7.5 of latitude and 7.5 of longitude. Earth Rotates from W to E Both of the quadrangles below are 7.5 of latitude and 7.5 of longitude. Why are they not the same size?

5 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 5 Latitude Lines are. Longitude Lines meet at the and are not.

U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 6 Introduction to Topographic Maps Map Scales: Map Scales: Ratio of the distance on the to the distance on It may be expressed in one of three ways: 1.

$Numerically - usually by a fraction to show what part of the true distances map distances really are (known as a representative fraction) i.e. 1/1,000,000 (also written 1:1,000,000) means that any distance on the map is one millionth of its true length on Earth.$

6 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 6 Introduction to Topographic Maps Map Scales: Map Scales: Ratio of the distance on the to the distance on It may be expressed in one of three ways: 1. Verbally - as a simple i.e. 1 cm represents 50 km. 2. Graphically - by a line divided into parts and marked in units of length. 3. Numerically - usually by a fraction to show what part of the true distances map distances really are (known as a representative fraction) i.e. 1/1,000,000 (also written 1:1,000,000) means that any distance on the map is one millionth of its true length on Earth. ****The scale is the only scale that is still representative of the true scale after enlargement or shrinking because you also enlarge or shrink the graphical scale when you enlarge or shrink the map *** Fields A field is a region in which a similar quantity can be measured at every point or location, for example temperature in a room or depth of snow. Isolines connect points of value on a map. There are many types of Isolines. Isobars connect points of equal. Isotherms connect points of equal.

U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 7 Contour lines connect points of equal.

Isolines cannot cross or touch 4. Lines must be smooth, curving lines 5.

world) Topographic maps are also known as. Show elevation above sea level using.

7 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 7 Contour lines connect points of equal. Isoline Practice: Draw in Isolines every 2 o starting with 18! 1. Follow directions! 2. Isolines must close or extend to the edge of the map 3. Isolines cannot cross or touch 4. Lines must be smooth, curving lines 5. Lines will follow trends, take Topographic Maps: Two dimensional model of the Earth s surface (represents 3-D world) Topographic maps are also known as. Show elevation above sea level using. Real World Profile View Contour Map Bird s Eye View Contour Line - Line on a map that connects points of elevation. - show and of the land Difference between high and low elevations

8 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 8 Contour Interval Difference in elevation between each line. MUST be spacing. Index Contour Usually every 5th line is printed and has an printed on it. How calculated? 600 ft 500 ft 5 spaces Contour interval = 20 feet Depression Contour Contour lines which show a depression, crater, or sinkhole on a map. Shown by lines on the of a contour line.

U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 9 Bench Marks A location whose

Bench marks are shown on maps by an X with the letters BM written

Spot Elevations Elevations of road forks, hilltops, lake surfaces,

Numbers checked by surveyors are printed in black Numbers unchecked

9 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 9 Bench Marks A location whose elevation is known and is noted on a brass or aluminum plate. Bench marks are shown on maps by an X with the letters BM written next to them. Spot Elevations Elevations of road forks, hilltops, lake surfaces, and other points of special interest. Numbers checked by surveyors are printed in black Numbers unchecked by surveyors are printed in brown. Water elevations are printed in blue. **Rules for Contours** 1. Contour lines never. 2. Contours form loops (even if not shown of the map).

U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 10 3. Contours bend (uphill) when crossing a stream. 4.

or The highest possible elevation of the hill is just below the value of the next line that is not shown 5.

10 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e Contours bend (uphill) when crossing a stream. 4. The maximum possible elevation for a hill is 1 less than what the next contour should be. or The highest possible elevation of the hill is just below the value of the next line that is not shown 5. Spacing of contour lines Closely Spaced Contour Lines Steeper Slope (Gradient) contour lines are closer together. Widely Spaced Contour Lines Gradual/Gentle Slope (Gradient) contour lines are farther apart.

U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 11 Close Steep Wide Gentle 6. Lowest elevation for a depression Contour lines which show a depression, crater, or sinkhole on a map.

11 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 11 Close Steep Wide Gentle 6. Lowest elevation for a depression Contour lines which show a depression, crater, or sinkhole on a map. Shown by dashed lines (hachure marks) on the inside of a contour line The elevation of the first depression contour is the same as the lowest regular contour near it. The lowest possible elevation for a depression is 1 more than what the next contour should be. The lowest possible elevation of a depression is just above the value of the next line that is not shown

U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 12 Gradient The slope between any two points on a hill Gradient = Change in Field Value Distance Example: A trail is four miles long as measured by the scale on a map.

12 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 12 Gradient The slope between any two points on a hill Gradient = Change in Field Value Distance Example: A trail is four miles long as measured by the scale on a map. The beginning of the trail is at the 1,060 ft contour line and the end of the trail is at the 960 ft contour line. Calculate the gradient of the trail. Practice: On the map below, identify stream flow for Copper Creek (draw a blue arrow), depression elevation of Point A, steep slopes (circle in red), gentle slopes (circle in green), hills (color brown), valleys (color orange), cliffs (circle in yellow). Lastly label the arrows

Label the elevations of these horizontal lines at the appropriate contour interval; one line for each contour interval crossed by the baseline.

13 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 13 Contour Map Profile Explanation/Demonstration: 1. Use a straight edge to draw the baseline on the topographic map. 2. Draw parallel horizontal lines on your blank paper as long as your baseline. 3. Label the elevations of these horizontal lines at the appropriate contour interval; one line for each contour interval crossed by the baseline. (The baseline may cross the same elevation several times.) 4. Place the edge of a second sheet of paper on the topographic map along the baseline. Mark the starting and ending points, then place a mark where the baseline crosses each contour line and label it with the correct elevation. 5. Take the sheet of paper from above and place it along the bottom of your horizontal lines. Transfer the marks to the appropriate elevations using dots. 6. Connect your dots to show a vertical cross section along your baseline.

14 U n i t 3 M a p p i n g P a g e 14

MAPPING THE EARTH HOW DO YOU FIND A LOCATION ON THE EARTH?

MAPPING THE EARTH HOW DO YOU FIND A LOCATION ON THE EARTH? UNIT TOPICS TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE TOPIC 2: FIELD MAPS TOPIC 3: TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS TOPIC 4: NYS LANDSCAPES TOPIC 1: LATITUDE & LONGITUDE