CHAPTER EXIT CHAPTER. Models of Earth. 3.1 Modeling the Planet. 3.2 Mapmaking and Technology. 3.3 Topographic Maps CHAPTER OUTLINE
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1 EXIT CHAPTER.1 Modeling the Planet.2 Mapmaking and Technology. Topographic Maps CHAPTER OUTLINE
2 CHAPTER.1 Modeling the Planet A flat of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can distort the shape, distance, and directions of different physical features. Different s are used to minimize distortion. Three common types of s are Mercator, SECTION OUTLINE Mercator Projection
3 CHAPTER.1 Modeling the Planet A flat of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can distort the shape, distance, and directions of different physical features. Different s are used to minimize distortion. Three common types of s are Mercator, gnomonic, SECTION OUTLINE Gnomonic Projection
4 CHAPTER.1 Modeling the Planet A flat of Earth is a convenient tool, but it can distort the shape, distance, and directions of different physical features. Different s are used to minimize distortion. Three common types of s are Mercator, gnomonic, and polyconic. SECTION OUTLINE Polyconic Projection
5 CHAPTER On a, horizontal lines show, positions north and south of the. Vertical lines show, positions east and west of the. Map scales compare the size of the with Earth s surface. Latitude 90 N 60 N 0 N 60 S 90 S 60 E 0 S 90 W 0 E Equator 0 SECTION OUTLINE Longitude Prime Meridian 0 0 W.1 Modeling the Planet 60 W 90 E
6 A flat, two-dimensional representation of Earth s surface and features.
7 One who makes s.
8 A representation of the spherical Earth on the flat plane of a.
9 An equal division of Earth s surface into northern and southern halves or eastern and western halves.
10 The imaginary line dividing Earth s surface into Northern and Southern Hemispheres; establishes 0.
11 The imaginary line dividing Earth s surface into Eastern and Western Hemispheres, established as 0 at Greenwich, England; the starting point for standard time zones.
12 East-west lines parallel to the used to measure distance in degrees north and south, from 0 at the to 90 north and south at the poles.
13 North-south lines running between the poles, used to measure distance in degrees east and west of the, from 0 at the to 180 east and west.
14 On a, the comparison of distance units used with actual distances on Earth s surface; may be expressed as a ratio, a fraction, or in a scale bar.
15 radar false-color image.2 Mapmaking and Technology Mapmaking techniques have dramatically changed over the past 60 years. The use of remote-sensing methods allows makers to produce accurate s of many places on Earth. The data collected is converted to code, then pixels. Software then coverts the pixels into usage images. A scanner on a satellite constantly records data from Earth s surface. Instruments measure electromagnetic waves emitted by each object on Earth. Code Pixels Image
16 radar false-color image.2 Mapmaking and Technology With the help of computers, s use remote-sensing data to make detailed s. Two important types of ping systems that use remote-sensing data and computers are the global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information systems (GIS). Images produced using data from satellites are used in many areas of science and research.
17 radar false-color image radar A method of detecting distant objects and recording their features and properties by analysis of electromagnetic waves reflected from their surfaces.
18 radar false-color image false-color image A computer image that assigns distinctive colors to different wavelengths of light reflected from a distant object, delineating surface features; used frequently in satellite images of Earth from space.
19 topographic topograpy contour lines contour interval slope. Topographic Maps Topographic s show the physical features of an area, its topography. The s indicate elevation and average slope by using contour lines. magnetic declination Index contour Contour line Contour lines show changes in elevation on this topographic.
20 topographic topograpy contour lines. Topographic Maps Different symbols and colors are used to indicate various features on topographic s, including bodies of water and human-made structures. contour interval slope River magnetic declination Isobath Settled area A topographic of Portland, Maine shows various physical features of the area.
21 topographic topograpy contour lines contour interval slope magnetic declination topographic A that uses contour lines and symbols to show the surface features of a particular area, including natural features like mountains, valleys, bodies of water, as well as humanmade features like bridges, buildings, and roads.
22 topographic topograpy contour lines contour interval slope topography All natural and human-made surface features of a particular area. magnetic declination
23 topographic topograpy contour lines contour interval slope contour lines Lines on a topographic showing elevation of land above or below sea level, all points connected by a line having the same elevation. magnetic declination
24 topographic topograpy contour lines contour interval slope contour interval The difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines. magnetic declination
25 topographic topograpy contour lines contour interval slope slope The steepness of a landscape, calculated as the change in elevation divided by the distance covered. magnetic declination
26 topographic topograpy contour lines contour interval slope magnetic declination The angle by which the compass needle varies from true north; magnetic variation. magnetic declination
27 I. Modeling the Planet A. Maps B. Map Projections 1. Mercator Projection 2. Gnomonic Projection. Polyconic Projection C. Latitude and Longitude D. Map Scales E. Map Orientation KEY IDEA SUMMARY
28 radar false-color image II. Mapmaking and Technology A. How Cartographers Traditionally Worked B. How Technology Has Changed Mapmaking C. Satellite Technology D. Computer Technology 1. The Global Positioning System 2. Geographic Information Systems E. New Ways to Print and Produce Maps KEY IDEA SUMMARY
29 topographic topograpy contour lines contour interval slope magnetic declination III. Topographic Maps A. Qualities of Topographic Maps 1. Contour Lines 2. Slope and Elevation B. Understanding Topographic Map Symbols C. Using Topographic Maps KEY IDEA SUMMARY
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