Chapter 3 SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES

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2 Chapter 3 SECTION 1 OBJECTIVES Distinguish between latitude and longitude and locate coordinates on maps. Explain how latitude and longitude can be used to locate places on Earth s surface. Explain the international date line.

3 scientists developed a way to describe every location on earth using a global address method uses two sets of numbers (called coordinates). They tell us where to find a location using a grid system, like the lines on graph paper. It's like saying, "You can find my house where Maple Road crosses Elm Street." Instead of streets, the global address uses numbered horizontal and vertical lines called latitude and longitude. a location is described by giving the numbers of the lines that intersect (for example, 20 latitude north, 90 longitude west). A GLOBAL ADDRESS

4 LOCATIONS ON EARTH The points at which Earth s axis of rotation intersects Earth s surface are used as reference points for defining direction. These points are the geographic North Pole and South Pole. Halfway between the poles, a circle called the equator divides Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. A reference grid that is made up of additional circles is used to locate places on Earth s surface.

The horizontal lines of latitude are called parallels because they run parallel to the equator. Parallel- circle that runs east and west around Earth.

5 The horizontal lines of latitude are called parallels because they run parallel to the equator. Parallel- circle that runs east and west around Earth. Each circle is a line of latitude Imagine them as horizontal "hula hoops" around the earth. The latitude line numbers measure how far (angular distance) north or south of the equator a place is. The equator has the number 0 degrees latitude. The numbers get larger the further away from the equator up to 90 degrees. Latitude locations are given as degrees north or degrees south. LATITUDE

6 DIAGRAM SHOWS EARTH S PARALLELS

7 DEGREES OF LATITUDE Latitude is measured in degrees The equator is zero 0º latitude North and South pole is 90º Actual distance 1º = about 111km Minutes and Seconds Each degree of latitude consists of 60 equal parts, called minutes. One minute (symbol: ) of latitude equals 1.85 km. Each minute is divided into 60 equal parts, called seconds (symbol: ).

8 The vertical longitude lines are called meridians. Think of these as hula hoops cut in half, attached from one pole to the other. meridian -any semicircle that runs north and south around Earth from geographic North to South Pole longitude -the angular distance east or west from the prime meridian; expressed in degrees LONGITUDE

PRIME MERIDIAN The prime meridian line runs vertically, right over Greenwich, England, from the North Pole to the South Pole. It is numbered as 0 degrees longitude.

9 PRIME MERIDIAN The prime meridian line runs vertically, right over Greenwich, England, from the North Pole to the South Pole. It is numbered as 0 degrees longitude. Numbers increase the further away you move, up to 180 degrees. Longitude locations are given as degrees east or degrees west. The meridian opposite the prime meridian, halfway around the world, is labeled 180, and is called the International Date Line.

10 Runs through the middle of Pacific Ocean imaginary line that separates two consecutive calendar days It is not perfectly straight Immediately to the left of the International Date Line the date is always one day ahead of the date (or day) immediately to the right of the International Date Line in the Western Hemisphere So, travel east across the International Date Line results in a day, or 24 hours, being subtracted. Travel west across the International Date Line results in a day being added. HOW DOES THE INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE WORK?

11 INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE In figi its Thursday September 11 Th In American Samoa its Wednesday September 10 th

13 PRACTICE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE N latitude, 112 W longitude N latitude, 78 W longitude N latitude, 96 W longitude N latitude, 122 W longitude N latitude, 95 W longitude N latitude, 79 W longitude N latitude, 80 W longitude

14 THE END

15 Pick two SECRET locations and figure out what their approximate coordinates are. Write down the coordinates and give them to another student (but don't tell him or her the name of the location). Ask that student to point out on an atlas where the locations are. Did your classmate find your secret sites?

18 -- Japanese war planes bombed Pear Harbor on Hawaii on December 7, 1941, and in doing so, pushed the US into war against Japan. Japanese war planes bombed US bases in the Phillipine Islands on December 8. Why did they wait an extra day? They didn't! Hawaii is on the other side of the date line from the Phillipines. Actually the attacks occurred on the same day. BELLRINGER

19 MAPS

21 TOPOGRAPHIC LANDFORMS

22 LANDFORMS ON TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS The spacing and direction of contour lines indicate the shapes of the landforms represented on a topographic map. Closely spaced contour lines indicate that the slope is steep. Widely spaced contour lines indicate that the land is relatively level.

23 LANDFORMS CONTINUED A contour line that bends to form a V shape indicates a valley. The bend in the V points toward the higher end of the valley (this V points upstream, or in the direction from which the water flows) Contour lines that form closed loops indicate a hilltop or a depression. Closed loops that have short straight lines perpendicular to the inside of the loop indicate a depression.

TERRAIN FEATURES Ridgeline- (aka mountain) is a line of high ground, usually with changes in elevation along its top and low ground on all sides Ridgeline

24 TERRAIN FEATURES Ridgeline- (aka mountain) is a line of high ground, usually with changes in elevation along its top and low ground on all sides Ridgeline non interchangeable with the term ridge. Major Terrain Features: Hill, saddle, valley, ridge, depression Minor Terrain Features: draw, spur, cliff, cut, fill

VALLEY RIDGE Valley- Stretched out groove

25 VALLEY RIDGE Valley- Stretched out groove in the land, usually formed by streams or rivers Ridge- sloping line of high ground Depression- a low point in the ground or a sinkhole, represented by closed contour lines with tick marks that point toward low ground

26 TERRAIN Hill- area of high ground, contour lines form concentric circles, inside smallest closed circle is the hilltop Saddle- dip or low point between two areas of high ground, if in a saddle there is high ground in two opposite directions and low ground the other two directions, contour lines look like an hourglass Draw- less developed stream course than a valley, has basically no level ground, contour lines are U-shaped or V-shaped, pointing toward high ground Cliff- vertical or near vertical feature, an abrupt change of land, if extremely steep contour lines converge into one carrying contour line

27 SADDLE DRAW Spur Cliff

28 TERRAIN Cut- man-made feature resulting from cutting through raised ground (forms road or railroad usually) Fill- man-made feature resulting from filling a low area to usually make a road

29 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP SYMBOLS Symbols are used to show certain features on topographic maps. Symbol color indicates the type of feature. Constructed features, such as buildings, are shown in black. Highways are shown in red. Bodies of water are colored blue, and forested areas are colored green. Contour lines are brown or black.

30 OTHER TYPES OF MAPS Soil maps are valuable tools for agriculture and land management. Geologic maps are designed to show distribution of geologic features, such as the types of rocks found in a given area and the locations of faults, folds, and other structures. Some Earth scientists use maps to show the location and flow of both water and air. Other types of Earth scientists use maps to study changes in Earth s surface over time.

31 USE THE FIGURE BELOW TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 1 2. THE FIGURE SHOWS THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE AN AREA SURROUNDING THE ORR RIVER.

32 1. What location on the map has the steepest gradient? A. location A B. location B C. location C D. location D

33 Chapter 3 1. What location on the map has the steepest gradient? A. location A B. location B C. location C D. location D

34 Chapter In which direction is the river in the topographic map flowing? What information on the map helped you determine your answer?

35 Chapter 3 2. In which direction is the river in the topographic map flowing? What information on the map helped you determine your answer? Answers should include the following: The river is flowing from northwest to southeast; the contour lines near the river form V shapes, and the tips of the Vs point upstream; the Vs in the map point to the northwest.

Chapter 3 Models of the Earth. 3.1 Finding Locations on the Earth. 3.1 Objectives

Chapter 3 Models of the Earth. 3.1 Finding Locations on the Earth. 3.1 Objectives Chapter 3 Models of the Earth 3.1 Finding Locations on the Earth 3.1 Objectives Explain latitude and longitude. How can latitude and longitude be used to find locations on Earth? How can a magnetic compass