physical universe at any scale. A map also contains

Transcription

1 Making Maps With GIS 1

2 Making Maps: Maps: A representation of the spatial organization of the physical universe at any scale. A map also contains a wide variety of information, both static and dynamic. Maps are usually created on a flat, two- dimensional surface. Maps: A graphical presentation of geographic information. It contains geographic data and other elements such as a title, north arrow, legend, and scale bar. 2

3 Cartography: Cartography: The art and science of map production. Cartography is comprised of the fundamental scientific procedures of accurate measurement, classification, and the identification of relationships, to create visual models of our complex world. 3

4 Map function in GIS Storage Temporary communication Intermediate check of data Final report 4

5 Limitations it ti of Paper Maps Fixed scale Fixed extent Static view Flat and hence limited for 3D visualization Only ypresents complete world view Map producer-centric 5

6 Map and design objectives What are the Map objectives? Share information Highlight relationships Illustrate analysis results Decision support What are the Design objectives? Manipulate the graphic characteristics Fulfill the intended purpose 6

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8 Types of Map 8

9 You can classify maps into the following types Topographical: Represents objects such as roads, rivers, coastline Thematic: Represents themes such as soil types Chloropleths: Represents interpreted boundaries e.g. census Isopleth: Represents imaginary lines with equal value e.g. contours 9

10 1. Topographic Map: represent Objects such as:roads.rivers, Coastlines Topographic Map 10

11 2. Thematic Map: represent themes such as:soil types.populations Density,.. Thematic Map 11

12 3. Choropleth Map Shows statistical data aggregated over predefined regions, such as counties or states, by coloring or shading these regions. For example, countries with higher rates of infant mortality might appear darker on a choropleth map. 12

13 3. Choropleth Map 13

14 4. Contour Maps (Isopleths): Isolines- Lines on a map depicting areas of same or like values. Contour maps use isolines,, or contour lines, to depict where the same elevation exists. Thecontour interval of a contour map is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines. 14

15 5.Additional type of Maps 5.1. Proportional Symbols Map The proportional p symbol technique uses symbols of different sizes to represent data associated with different areas or locations within the map. 15

16 5.Additional type of Maps: 5.1.Proportional Symbols Map 16

17 5.Additional type of Maps: 5.2. Dot Map A dot may be used to locate each occurrence of a phenomenon. Where appropriate, a dot may indicate any number of entities, for example, one dot for every 100 Military families in Ohio 17

18 5.Additional type of Maps: 5.3. Cognitive Map Mental map. Map drawn from memory. 18

19 To be effective, a map must be correctly designed and constructed. 19

20 Map layout 20

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23 Map layout elements North arrow Rectangular boundary (neatline) Other elements Inset maps Data tables Charts Additional text Photographs 23

24 The Parts of a Map: Map Elements Neat line Border Title Figure The United States of America Legend Ground Alaska Hawaii Washington,D.C. National Capital hundreds of kilometers Scale Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Source: U.S. Dept. of State Inset Place name North Arrow Credits 24

25 The Parts of a Map: Map Elements Inset map Scale Author North Arrow Map Body Data Source Title Grid Legend Projection 25

26 Visual balance is key! Visual balance is affected by: the "weight" of the symbols the visual hierarchy of the symbols and elements the location of the elements with respect to each other and the visual center of the map. 26

27 Visual center 5% of height 5% of height Landscape Portrait 27

28 Visual Layout Title Here Title Here Eye expects (1) balance and (2) alignment 28

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30 Layout example 30

31 Layout example 31

32 Bad layout 32

33 Good layout 33

34 Map Layout 34

35 MAP SCALES 35

36 Scale (MapDistance) (GroundDistance) Usually expressed as representative fraction 1:24,

37 Map Scale Common Mistake: Large Scale vs. Large Area People are often saying "large scale" map when they mean "large area". Map scale is often reported as a ratio, e.g., 1:100,000 scale. As a fraction this is

38 38 Map Scale Example: 1 to 1 million map scale (1:1,000,000), expressed as a fraction is ; a 1:200 map scale, expressed as a fraction, is Which is the larger scale, , or 0.005? 005? If you have two map sheets which are 10 inches across, the 1:1,000,000 map (which is small scale) covers a distance of 10,000,000 inches, which is about 158 miles when converte (10,000,000 inches * (1ft/12inches) * 1mile/5280 ft). The 1:200 map (large scale) covers about 200*10 inches which is only 0.03 miles. Remember, larger scale maps cover less area, but show more detail. 38

39 Example of Scales Larger scale, smaller area Smaller scale, Larger area 39 1:24,000 1:100,000 1:250,000 39

40 Types of Map scales Map scale ratios Dimensionless Used with any linear measurement unit, such as feet, meters, or miles Example, 1:24,000 Representative fraction 1 inch on the map is 24,000 inches on the ground (or 2,000 feet) 40

41 ا ن المقياس العددي في الخريطة يشير ا لى العلاقة بين المقاسة على الخريطة والمسافة المطابقة لها على المسافة الا رض. شك بشكل كسر بحيث تكون هذا المقياس يكتب عادة والمخرج بنفس وحدة القياس. الصورة يكتب داي ما في الصورة عدد ) واحد ( والمخرج يمثل الا ضعاف التي صغرت فيها الا رض الا ض. ا ن كل وحدة قياس على يعني 1:5000 ا و 1/5000 الخريطة تعادل 5000 وحدة على الا رض من نفس القا القياس. وحدة 41

42 Types of Map scales Graphic scale Graphic representation of map scale Places a line on the map with ground distances marked, such as 10 miles, 20 miles, etc. GRAPHIC SCALE EXTENSION SCALE PRIMARY SCALA Scale 1: Meters 1000 Kilometers 42

43 بر عبارة عن مقياس يس يرسم على شكل مسطرة في هو هامش الخريطة. يستخدم لتحويل المسافات في الخريطة الى المسافات الحقيقة على الا رض. و بواستطه يمكن قياس ا ي مسافة ا فقية ا و متعرجة بالكيلومترات...الخ. على الخريطة ومترا وتقسيماته تتناسب مع مقياس نفس الخريطة ويوجد الخطي : على المقياس تقسيمان ا ساسية على يمين الصفر يس لقياس المسافة تقسيمات بالكيلو متر. تقسيمات فرعية على يسار الصفر لقياس المسافة بمي ات. 43 الا متار

44 Map scales 1:5,000 is large scale 1:50,000, is small scale 44

45 Scale 1:100, Scale 45

46 Scale 1:24,000 46

47 Scale 1:10,

48 Scale 1:5,000 (large scale) 48

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50 REPORTS AND GRAPHS 50

51 Create a report Select records for a report 51

52 Create a report Select View> reports> create report 52

53 Report result 53

54 Modify reports 54

55 Add report to layout 55

56 Create a graph View, graphs, create 56

57 Resultant t graph Graph can be inserted into a layout 57

58 Importing Charts Create graph in Excel Copy and Paste object to layout Population Population California Oklahoma Arizona New Mexico Texas North Carolina Washington New York South Dakota Michigan Montana Minnesota

59 EXPORTING MAPS 59

60 Export options Raster.BMP,.TIF,.JPG Size/Resolution Color options Vector Enhanced Metafile (.emf), Encapsulated PostScript (.eps), Adobe Illustrator (.ai) Web.JPG,.PDF 60

61 Export map 61

62 Export map File> Export Map Export options 62

63 Image file 63

64 PDF document 64

65 Adobe Illustrator t 65

66 Word or PowerPointP Copy and paste individual id map elements 66

67 Thank You 67