Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the collection of data. Give. Give 4 disadvantages in the use of ICT in the collection of data

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1 Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the collection of data can use a handheld GPS to get accurate location information which can be used to show data linked to specific locations within a GIS can collect qualitative data using digital cameras which can be used to help explain findings / anomalies can access data that may not otherwise have been available - e.g. secondary data from internet can ensure greater accuracy in readings and automatic collection to enable studies of change over time (using data loggers) Give Give 4 disadvantages in the use of ICT in the collection of data often requires expensive equipment (e.g. data loggers / Global Positioning Systems) may require specific software to actually make use of the data collected using data loggers etc. data from the internet may have some bias (need to consider reliability) Give 4 advantages of using ICT in the presentation and analysis of data provides the ability to process, search and query data using GIS can save time - some graphical techniques and statistical tests are time consuming by hand (time saved can be spent on interpreting findings) wide variety of different graphs can be produced quickly base maps can be produced quickly Give 4 disadvantages of using ICT in the presentation and analysis of data may require particular computer programmes (may be expensive) need to ensure type of graph chosen is appropriate for data being presented accuracy of graphs produced will only be as accurate as the raw data some inaccuracies may occur during data input provides ability to show lots of information on one map Give 3 advantages of GIS information can be linked together to help identify spatial patterns / support analysis of data more and more people have access to GIS - e.g. i-phones etc. GIS used by many public services to improve services offered GPS combined with GIS has made travelling between places easier

2 May include: Give 3 disadvantages of GIS May require expensive software and a computer which needs keeping updated Some software is complicated to use / may require training if too many layers or data are added to a map it can be difficult to interpret GIS produces maps - but skills is still required to interpret the maps in a geographical context. How could you improve a geographical enquiry using GIS? upload photographs onto Google Earth using place marks Measure straight line distances and irregular lines Locate study areas and access aerial photographs Link data / graphs collected with specific places in a GIS system 1. Identify a source for satellite images, e.g. through a google search, or using a specific programme such as Google Earth. What steps would you take to download a satellite image to help with data presentation in a geographical enquiry? 2. Once located image - right click and save, or print screen image 3. Image can then be pasted within text and given a title. Annotations can be made using text boxes. 4. A figure number should be given so that it can be made reference to in text and the source of the image added. How could you use the internet to search for a particular topic area to support a geographical enquiry? Yr 11 - Tectonics 1. Use a google search, with appropriate key words and where appropriate the + sign in between to get more focused results 2. Check origin of the information given in the website (to consider reliability / possible bias) 3. If it is a controversial topic that is being investigated, or involves specific points of view - look for a number of different views to get a more balanced overview. What is meant by the site of a settlement? What could be included in a description of site? This refers to the physical characteristics of the place and the land it is built on. S H A W L Slope; Height above sea level; Aspect (way slope faces); Water Supply; Land (e.g. floodplain)

3 What is meant by the situation of a place? The location of a place in relation to other places (e.g. 2 km northwest of the A428, or located on the south bank of the River Ouse) etc. Remember - P A R C Places (nearby Settlements); Accessibility; Relief (near hills etc.) Communications (e.g. near roads / rivers) What is the difference between a label and an annotation? A label is a simple descriptive point whereas an annotation is an explanatory label. e.g. outside of meander (label) outside of a meander which river flows faster due to less friction (annotation) What is the difference between an aerial photograph and an oblique photograph? An aerial photograph is a photograph taken directly from above - i.e. a birds-eye view, whereas an oblique photograph is one taken from above, but from an angle. Define the following terms: Linear Settlement Nucleated Settlement Dispersed Settlement Linear Settlement - where buildings are located either side of a main road Nucleated Settlement - where buildings are grouped together (often at a crossroads or around a village green) Dispersed Settlement - where individual buildings are spread out around an area Briefly describe the main stage in drawing a sketch map 1. Draw a simple box frame and add grid lines to act as guidelines 2. Draw any features relevant to the question asked and which will help make the map make more sense (e.g. roads / major settlements) 3. Add appropriate labels and annotations

4 What does scale mean and what does a scale of 1:50,000 mean? Scale is the link between real life distances and those shown on a map. 1:50,000 means that 1cm on the map is equal to 50,000cm in real life - i.e. 1cm on a map = 0.5km in real life. If asked to measure distance on a map, what is the difference between direct or straight line distance and actual distance? Direct, or straight line distance, means measuring the direct distance between two places on a map (i.e. not following roads) Actual distance, means measuring the distance by roads between two places. A. B. A. A V-shaped valley B. East facing steep sided slope What landscape features would these contour patterns represent? Relates to natural features - so may include: Give examples of physical features that you could describe from a map. - relief (shape of land - e.g. contour patterns, shape of land - e.g. valleys, height above sea level etc.) - Drainage (e.g. number of rivers, width, lakes, marsh etc.) - Vegetation - woodland, type vegetation etc. Give examples of human features that you could describe from a map Relates to man-made features / influenced by humans and may include: Land-use (i.e. residential, recreation, industrial etc.) Communications (i.e. roads, railways etc.) Settlement (inc. site, situation, shape (linear, nucleated etc.))

5 What is meant by Discrete Data? Data which has values which are distinct and separate (i.e. they can be counted - e.g. 1,2 3)). Examples include gender (male, female); blood group (O A B AB) What is meant by Continuous Data? Data that can take any value (within a range). You can count, order and measure continuous data Examples: heights e.g. 1.2metres 10.6 metres. People's heights could be any value (within the range of human heights), not just certain fixed heights. Advantages: Give 3 advantages of using Bar Graphs and also state a disadvantage - can easily compare 2 or 3 data sets - can estimate values from a glance - summarises large data sets in visual form Disadvantages: - can only be used with discrete data Describe the stages involved in constructing a bar chart 1. Choose an appropriate scale for the x and y axis and draw up the axis on graph paper using a ruler and sharp pencil 2. Draw each bar to the correct value (leaving a gap between each bar) 3. Label each axis and add a title 4. Colour each bar and add a key Describe the difference between a bar graph and a Histogram Histograms show continuous data and therefore bars are drawn touching each other, whereas bar graphs show discrete data and each bar should have a small gap between them.

6 Give one advantage of a located bar chart over a normal bar graph Located bar charts help to give spatial relevance to data and therefore help identify differences between places enabling easy visual comparison What is meant by an isoline? An isoline joins places of equal value and show the distribution of a variable over an area. What data to the following isolines show? - Isohyets - Contour Lines - Isochrones - Isobars - Isovels - Isohyets - join places of equal rainfall - Contour Lines - join places of equal height - Isochrones - join places which are of equal time distance from an area - Isobars - join places of equal air pressure - Isovels - join places of equal velocity in a river Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of isolines Advantages: 1. good for showing gradual changes over space 2. avoids the abrupt changes shown on choropleth maps Disadvantages: 1. requires a large amount of data for accurate drawing 2. unsuitable for showing discontinuous patchy distributions What are flow lines used for? These lines can be used to show direction and movement - the direction of the line representing the direction of the flow and the thickness of the line representing the volume of flow.

7 1. Pedestrian flows around a CBD Give examples of data that could be shown using flow lines. 2. Traffic flows between a settlement and surrounding villages 3. Migration to or from the UK Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using a flow line map An advantage is that it gives a strong visual impression of both volume of movement and direction of movement between 2 places. However A disadvantage is that parts of the map can get very crowded and make it more difficult to interpret Describe the stages involved in constructing an isoline map 1. Draw / find a base map showing the relevant area 2. Identify and name the places of origin and destination of flow 3. Look at range of values of the flow and decide on appropriate scales 4. Draw on the flow lines - tail of arrow should be in country where the flow began and arrow should point to the UK 5. Add a scale, title and shade the arrow to make them clearer. Evaluate the usefulness of a pie chart as a graphical technique Advantages: Visually very clear shows % total for each category (easy comparison) commonly used technique - easy to understand can also make circle size proportional to total quantity represented Disadvantages doesn't provide much numerical data hard to compare 2 data sets if more than 3-6 categories - difficult to read can only be used with discrete data Describe what is meant by a pictogram A pictogram uses symbols to show the data that you want to present. Each symbol stands for a certain quantity - e.g. for a pictogram showing a traffic count - one picture of a car may represent 10 cars in reality.

8 What criteria need to be met to use a Triangular Graph to represent a data set? The data set needs to be made up of 3 parts and each needs to be in % adding up to 100% Give examples of data which could be represented using a triangular graph 1. Employment Structure (i.e. % working in primary, secondary and tertiary industry) 2. Land use (i.e. % residential, recreational and industrial) 3. Soil Texture (i.e. % sand, % clay and % loam) 1. A large number of data can be shown one graph Give 3 advantages of a Triangular Graph 2. Enables data to be classified easily 3. A sophisticated technique showing information about several variables on one graph 4. Dominant characteristics can be shown clearly State 2 disadvantages of a Triangular Graph as a presentation technique 1. Can be difficult and time consuming to construct 2. Can only be used for data with 3 components given in % form and which adds up to 100% What is a choropleth map? These maps are shaded according to a pre-arranged range, with each colour presenting a particular range of values. For example showing population density

9 Describe the basic stages in constructing a choropleth map 1. Locate an appropriate base map for the study area 2. Select the groupings to be mapped - rind the range of values and devise a shading scale 3. Choose an appropriate shading to use (could be one colour - highest values represented by darkest colour) 4. Shade map neatly and add a key to show the ranges 5. Give map a title. State one advantage and one disadvantage of a choropleth map Advantage - gives a good visual impression of the data and changes over space - patterns can easily be identified Disadvantage - can hid variations within an area (and if too many categories - can be difficult to distinguish between shades) What is a dispersion graph and what are there uses? Dispersion graphs show the range of a date set, they can be useful for showing the tendency of a data set to group or disperse. Dispersion graphs can also be useful for comparing the range of two data sets. What is meant by a proportional symbol? A proportional symbol - e.g. proportional circles, are drawn in a proportion that represents the size of the value that is being presented. Give 2 advantages of proportional symbols 1. Proportional symbol maps are not dependent on the size of the area associated with the variable so all areas have equal visual importance 2. provides a quick visual comparison of a variable between 2 places.

10 What are Scattergraphs used for? Scattergraphs can be used to see if there is a relationship between two sets of data and can indicate the nature of the relationship. What is a best fit line used for on a scattergraph? A best fit line is used to indicate the strength of a relationship shown between two variables on a scattergraph On a scattergraph - how do you decide which variable is plotted on the x axis and which variable is plotted on the y-axis? The independent variable is plotted on the x axis and the dependent variable (i.e. the variable that is believed to rely on the other) is plotted on the y axis. For example - GNP and Birth Rate: GNP is a measure of wealth and will affect Birth Rate - therefore GNP is the independent variable and is plotted on the x-axis whereas Birth Rate is the independent variable and is plotted on the y axis. What is meant by GIS? GIS is a Geographical Information System - it is software tool that is available to geographers to aid the mapping and spatial analysis of data and information. It enables data to plotted and interrogated digitally in a map form. GIS can involve the layering of data, to overlay different data sets and look for spatial patterns and relationships therefore enabling us to make sense of large amounts of data Give 2 ways in which GIS can be used in society. 1. Emergency Services - ambulances use GIS to improve response time to identify where the nearest ambulance is to an emergency. A traffic map can help controllers make a decision on which ambulance to send, depending on how close and any traffic congestion / road works. 2. GIS is used to provide navigation systems in cars 3. Utility companies use GIS to locate and manage water, drains, gas and electricity supplies.

11 What does layering mean in the context of GIS? GIS enables large amounts of data to be shown on one map. Each data set represents a different layer which is superimposed on a map, so different layers can be switched on and off as required to add further detail to a map - e.g. a layer showing relief of land, a layer showing names of settlement, a layer showing position of rivers etc.

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