MAPS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION

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1 MAPPING MAPS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION

2 WHAT IS A MAP? A map is representation of the Earth's surface, showing how things are related to each other by distance, direction, and size. Maps are a way of showing many things about a portion of the earth's surface on a flat piece of paper that can be carried and transported easily. A map is not a photograph of the Earth's surface. It can show many things that a picture cannot show, and as a result, a map looks different in many ways from a photograph h of the Earth's surface. Maps have been used for centuries. A person who creates map as a profession is called a cartographer.

3 USES OF MAPS Today maps are used by people to find places they have not seen.

4 TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS Topographic maps show a 3 dimensional world in 2 dimensions by using contour lines. Many people have trouble reading these maps, because they have mountains and valleys represented with concentric circles and lines.

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6 GEOLOGIC MAPS A geologic map is a map of the different types of rocks that are on the surface of the Earth. GEOLOGIC MAPS generally show rivers, creeks, geologic rock formations and other substructural t features, and sometimes diagrams of specific formations.

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8 BIOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS Scientists involved in the study of animals, plants, and other living organisms use maps to illustrate where these groups live or migrate.

9 BIOGEOGRAPHIC MAPS

10 ENVIRONMENTAL MAPS These types of maps include maps that look at human's activity in urban and metropolitan areas and the environment in which we all live. Meteorological maps that show climate, weather and wind are types of environmental maps.

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13 Other Types Economic or resource maps feature the type of natural resources or economic activity that dominates an area. Cartographers use symbols to show the locations of natural resources or economic activities. For example, oranges on a map of Florida tell you that oranges are grown there. Physical maps illustrate the physical features of an area, such as the mountains, rivers and lakes. The water is usually shown in blue. Colors are used to show relief differences in land elevations. Green is typically used at lower elevations, and orange or brown indicate higher elevations. Political maps do not show physical features. Instead, they indicate state and national boundaries and capital and major cities. A capital city is usually marked with a star within a circle. Road maps show major some minor highways and roads, airports, railroad tracks, cities and other points of interest in an area. People use road maps to plan trips and for driving directions.

14 Other Types BIRDSEYE VIEWS are illustrated maps of towns or cities showing an angled, almost overhead view of the city. Buildings are drawn and other features are illustrated. These maps date predominately from the last quarter of the 19th century. GENERAL MAPS show features typically found on maps of that time period. LATE 17TH THRU LATE 19TH CENTURY GENERAL MAPS typically include water features and political boundaries, such as rivers, territories, states, counties, cities, and towns. The most common subjects found on these maps are routes and trails, Indian tribes and villages, forts, camps, railroads, battlegrounds, and mines. Earlier maps also show missions, presidios, and colonies. LATE 19TH CENTURY THRU PRESENT DAY GENERAL MAPS show the usual water features and political boundaries. The most common subjects found are roads, railroads, and later, replacing railroads, highways. Later maps may also show parks and other recreational facilities.

15 Other Types HISTORIC MAPS generally show the same features as general maps but were done at a later date than the period covered on the map. HIGHWAY MAPS NAUTICAL CHARTS are detailed maps of bays and other coastal bodies of water. OIL AND GAS MAPS focus on oil and gas features, such as wells, fields, or pipelines. Often these maps are layouts or plans of a particular field. Water features and political boundaries are usually included. OWNERSHIP MAPS show boundaries of land owners, generally overlaid on a survey map. Political boundaries and water features are often included.

16 Other Types PLANS show the layout (location of buildings, streets, artillery, troops, etc.) of an area, usually a mission, fort, military base, or battlefield. There are a few plans for some smaller cities or parts of larger cities. PLATS show the layout of cities or towns, generally showing streets, lots, blocks, alleys, perhaps a few public and private buildings, and date through the early 20th century, predominately pre Later maps which show streets t and public areas, but not lots and blocks are know as street maps. RAILROAD MAPS focus predominately on railroads and/or railroad systems, also showing water features and political boundaries. After 1850, most general maps show railroads. In additional to maps providing large scale coverage of railroads, maps focusing on routes of particular railroad lines are also present.

17 Other Types SOIL MAPS show water features, political boundaries, ranches, roads, highways, railroads, and types of soils. Some maps will also show outlying buildings, mines, etc. STREET MAPS generally show streets, roads and highways, railroads, water features, parks and other recreational facilities, cemeteries, and subdivisions. Other features often shown are public buildings, schools and universities, bus or trolley lines, military bases, and airports. The Highway Department's city supplements to the county highway maps generally show more detail within and without the city than do maps by commercial publishers. SURVEY MAPS focus on the original land grants awarded by the SURVEY MAPS focus on the original land grants awarded by the Mexican and Texas governments, generally done by the General Land Office. Water features, political boundaries, and railroads are usually also shown.

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35 Map Scales Equivalence Scales scales expressed by words and figures. Example: 1 inch = 1 mile 1 centimeter = 1 kilometer 3 inches = 200 feet 1 cm = 1 meter 1 cm = 100 meters

36 Map Scales Scale ratio (SR) or Representative Fraction (RF) expressed as ratios. Example: 1: / RF or SR is determined by the formula: SR = MD GD Where: MD = the map distance or the scaled distance between any two selected points on the map GD = the corresponding distance on the ground

37 Map Scales Graphic Scale or Bar Scale is a line subdivided into map distances corresponding to convenient units of length on the ground.

38 Classification of Map Scales Large are those having scales of 1:2000 or larger and with contour intervals ranging from 0.10 to 2.0 meters Medium (intermediate scales) are maps having scales ranging from 1:2000 to 1:10000 and with contour intervals ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 meters Small are maps having scales of 1:10000 or smaller and with contour intervals ranging from 5 to 2000 meters.

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41 SMALL SCALE The scale which shows a large amount of area and enough information to make the map useful in a general way

42 Sample Problems The following equivalents are used: 1km=1000m and 1m=100cm 1. Determine the scale of a sketch wherein one centimeter represents one hundred meters on the ground. 2. If the equivalence scale of a map is 5cm=10km, what is the scale ratio? 3. The ground distance between two points on a map is 4 kilometers. If the distance between the same two points on a map is 8 centimeters, determine the scale of the map.

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56 Further Reading Read pages 83 to 112

57 Seatwork In a one whole sheet of yellow paper, answer numbers 1 to 15 pages 479 to 480.

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