2014 NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH REVIEW

Transcription

1 2014 NANOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH REVIEW NAN047F December 2014 Various Analysts Project Analyst ISBN: BCC Research 49 Walnut Park, Building 2 Wellesley, MA USA (toll-free within the USA), or (+1) information@bccresearch.com

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 FOREWORD 2 CHAPTER 2 ADVANCED CERAMICS AND NANOCERAMIC POWDERS (REPORT NAN015G) INTRODUCTION 4 STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 5 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY 5 SCOPE OF REPORT 6 METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 6 INTENDED AUDIENCE 6 ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS 7 RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 TABLE 1 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF ADVANCED AND NANOSCALE CERAMIC POWDERS, THROUGH 2018 (MILLION LBS/$ MILLIONS) FIGURE 1 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF ADVANCED AND NANOSIZED CERAMIC POWDERS, (% OF TOTAL VALUE CONSUMED) OVERVIEW 10 TABLE 2 COMMONLY USED ADVANCED CERAMIC MATERIAL FAMILIES 11 ADVANCED CERAMIC POWDER MANUFACTURING 11 R&D SCALE PROCESSES 13 THERMAL DECOMPOSITION 13 CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (CVD) 13 PLASMA PROCESSES 13 TABLE 3 PLASMA SYNTHESIS OF CERAMIC POWDERS 13 FIGURE 2 SCHEMATIC OF DC ARC PLASMA FURNACE DEVELOPED BY THE JAPAN NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR METALS FIGURE 3 LOS ALAMOS RF PLASMA REACTOR 15 SOL-GEL TECHNIQUES 16 PRECIPITATION 17 HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS 17 EMULSION PROCESS 18 FIGURE 4 PROCESS FLOWCHART FOR EMULSION PROCESS TO PRODUCE BARIUM TITANATE LASER SYNTHESIS 19 COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS/SELF-PROPAGATING HIGH-TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS COMBINATORIALLY DISCOVERED MATERIALS 20 Powder Synthesis Comparison 20 TABLE 4 POWDER SYNTHESIS COMPARISON 21 TABLE 5 POWDER PROCESSES FOR VARIOUS CERAMIC MATERIALS 22 MATERIAL APPLICATIONS AND PROPERTIES 23 STRUCTURAL CERAMICS 23 ELECTRONIC CERAMICS 23 CERAMIC COATINGS 24 CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL RELATED 24 TABLE 6 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL USES FOR ADVANCED CERAMICS

3 ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CERAMICS 25 TABLE 7 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CERAMICS MONOLITHIC STRUCTURAL CERAMICS 27 TABLE 8 PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL ALUMINA 27 TABLE 9 PROPERTIES OF NORZIDE YZ-110HS TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA CERAMIC 28 TABLE 10 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND CRITICAL FLAW SIZES OF MONOLITHIC AND COMPOSITE CERAMIC MATERIALS TABLE 11 PROPERTIES OF MONOLITHIC CERAMICS AND CERAMIC COMPOSITES 29 TABLE 12 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS ZIRCONIAS 30 CERAMIC MATRIX COMPOSITES 30 CERAMIC COATINGS 30 TABLE 13 HIGH-PERFORMANCE CERAMIC COATING MATERIALS AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS TABLE 14 REPRESENTATIVE FLAME AND PLASMA SPRAYED MATERIALS, MELTING OR SOFTENING TEMPERATURES AND APPLICATIONS ELECTRONIC CERAMICS 33 INSULATORS 33 TABLE 15 CERAMIC INSULATORS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 34 SUBSTRATES, IC PACKAGES AND MULTICHIP MODULES 34 TABLE 16 CERAMIC SUBSTRATE PROPERTIES 35 TABLE 17 CANDIDATE CERAMIC SUBSTRATE MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONICS CHAPTER 3 GLOBAL MARKETS FOR NANOCOMPOSITES, NANOPARTICLES, NANOCLAYS, AND NANOTUBES (REPORT NAN021F) STUDY BACKGROUND 38 STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 38 INTENDED AUDIENCE 38 SCOPE AND FORMAT 39 METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 39 ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS 40 RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 40 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 41 TABLE 18 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF NANOCOMPOSITES, THROUGH 2019 (MT/$ MILLIONS) FIGURE 5 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF NANOCOMPOSITES, ($ MILLIONS) 41 NANOCOMPOSITES OVERVIEW AND GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS 42 DEFINITIONS 42 Composites 42 Nanocomposites 42 Fillers vs. Matrix Materials 42 BRIEF HISTORY OF NANOCOMPOSITES 42 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF NANOCOMPOSITES VS. CONVENTIONAL COMPOSITES 43 INCREASED TENSILE STRENGTH, MODULUS, AND HEAT DISTORTION TEMPERATURE COLOR/TRANSPARENCY 44 CONDUCTIVITY 44 FLAME RETARDANCY 44 BARRIER PROPERTIES

4 ANTICORROSIVE PROPERTIES 45 TYPES OF NANOCOMPOSITES, THEIR PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS 45 CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 45 Materials 45 Clay Fillers 45 Natural Clays 45 Montmorillonite 45 Vermiculite 46 Octosilicate 46 Bentonite 46 Hectorite 47 Halloysite 47 Synthetic Clays 47 Fluorohectorite 48 Hydrotalcite 48 Laponite 48 Matrix Materials 48 Nylon 49 Butyl 49 Thermoplastic Olefins 50 Polyethylene 50 Polypropylene 50 Polyvinyl Chloride 51 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate 51 Other Matrix Materials 51 Polyethylene Terephthalate 52 Acetal 52 Polychloroprene 52 Nitrile Rubber 52 Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol 52 Fabrication 52 Production and Pre-Treatment of Clay Filler Materials 53 Compounding 53 Types of Clay Nanocomposites 53 Commercial Clay Nanocomposites 53 TABLE 19 PROPERTIES AND MAIN APPLICATIONS OF PRINCIPAL TYPES OF COMMERCIAL CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES Nylon/Montmorillonite 54 Automotive Applications 55 Packaging Applications 55 Life Sciences Applications 55 TPO/Montmorillonite 55 Automotive Applications 55 EVA/Montmorillonite 55 Flame-retardant Applications 55 Polypropylene/Montmorillonite 56 Automotive Applications 56 Fire-retardant Applications 56 54

5 Other Applications 56 Polyethylene/Montmorillonite 56 Packaging Applications 57 Automotive Applications 57 Acetal/Montmorillonite 57 Nylon/Mica Fluoride 57 Automotive Applications 57 Butyl/Vermiculite 57 Consumer Products Applications 57 Other Applications 58 Other Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites under Development 58 TABLE 20 OTHER CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 58 PET/Montmorillonite 58 EVOH/Montmorillonite 59 Other Matrix Materials/Vermiculite 59 Applications 59 TABLE 21 PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS OF CLAY CONTAINING COMPOSITES 60 Automotive 60 Packaging 60 Healthcare 61 Consumer Products 61 Flame-retardants 61 Suppliers 61 TABLE 22 CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE SUPPLIERS 61 CERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITES 64 Materials 64 Ceramic Fillers 64 Silica 65 Alumina 65 Zirconia 65 Tungsten Carbide 65 Organosilicates 66 Matrix Materials 66 Polymer Matrix Materials 66 Polyurethane 66 Epoxy 66 Metals and Metal Oxides 66 Titanium Dioxide 67 Cobalt 67 Other Materials 67 Calcium Phosphate 67 Fabrication 67 Inorganic Moiety-Containing Monomers 67 In Situ Fabrication of Ceramic Nanocomposite Films 68 Fabrication of WC/Co Nanocomposite Aggregates 68 Types and Properties 69 TABLE 23 PROPERTIES AND MAIN APPLICATIONS FOR PRINCIPAL TYPES OF CERAMIC-CONTAINING NANOCOMPOSITES 69

6 Polyurethane/Alumina 69 Titanium Dioxide/Alumina 69 Alumina/Zirconia 70 Epoxy/Carbon Fiber/Silica 70 Polyurethane/Organosilica 70 Cobalt/Tungsten Carbide 70 Calcium Phosphate/Silica 70 PET-Oxynitride 71 Applications 71 TABLE 24 PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS OF CERAMIC CONTAINING COMPOSITES 71 Coating Applications 71 Floor Finishes 71 Thermal Spray Coatings 72 Window Coatings 72 Life Sciences 73 Hip Implants 73 Artificial Spinal Disks 73 Bone Replacements and Cements 73 Consumer Products 74 Tennis Racquets 74 Other Applications 74 Cutting Tools, Wear Parts 74 Suppliers 74 TABLE 25 CERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITE SUPPLIERS 74 CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES 75 Materials 75 Fillers 75 Carbon Nanotubes 75 Fullerenes 75 Carbon Nanofibers 75 Graphene 76 Matrix Materials 76 Polymers 76 Polycarbonate 76 Polybutylene Terephthalate 76 Polyphenyl Ether 77 Fabrication Technologies 77 Oriented Nanocomposite Extrusion Process 77 Layered Fabrication 77 CNT Fibers 77 Types of Carbon Nanotube Composites 78 TABLE 26 PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITE 78 Nylon/MWNT Composites 78 Polycarbonate/MWNT Composites 79 Polyvinyl Alcohol/MWNT Composites 79 Polybutylene Terephthalate/MWNT Composites 79 Polyphenylene Ether/Polyamide/MWNT Composites 79

7 Epoxy/MWNT/Carbon Fiber Composites 79 Polyurethane/Fullerene Composites 80 MDMO-PPV/Fullerene 80 Applications 80 TABLE 27 PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOTUBE COMPOSITES 80 CHAPTER 4 QUANTUM DOTS: GLOBAL MARKET GROWTH AND FUTURE COMMERCIAL PROSPECTS (REPORT NAN027D) INTRODUCTION 82 STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 82 SCOPE AND FORMAT 82 CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY AND TARGET AUDIENCE 83 METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION 83 ABOUT THE AUTHOR 84 RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 84 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 84 TABLE 28 GLOBAL MARKET REVENUES FOR QUANTUM DOTS BY MARKET SECTOR, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 6 TOTAL GLOBAL MARKET REVENUE FOR QD-BASED PRODUCTS, ($ MILLIONS) TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 86 WHAT IS A QUANTUM DOT? 87 HISTORY OF QUANTUM DOTS 87 TABLE 29 CHRONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF QDS: FROM RESEARCH CURIOSITY THROUGH TO COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT PROPERTIES OF QUANTUM DOTS 88 FIGURE 7 LUMINESCENCE SIZE REGIMES FOR DIFFERENT SEMICONDUCTOR AND METAL QUANTUM DOTS TABLE 30 COMPARISON OF EMISSION WAVELENGTH OF SC AND METAL NC QUANTUM DOTS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR SIZE TABLE 31 OTHER PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL QUANTUM DOTS 91 QUANTUM DOT INDUSTRY 91 APPLICATIONS AND STRUCTURAL TYPES OF QUANTUM DOTS 92 BASIC STRUCTURES 92 TABLE 32 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF QDS: BASIC STRUCTURES 92 COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 94 TABLE 33 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF QDS: COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 94 COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 95 TABLE 34 QD MATERIAL TYPES AND THEIR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 95 TABLE 35 KEY QUANTUM DOT TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 97 PATENT ANALYSIS 98 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION (SYNTHESIS) AND DEVICE ASSEMBLY 99 SYNTHESIS OF METAL CHALCOGENIDE QUANTUM DOTS 99 VAPOR PHASE 99 TABLE 36 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: VAPOR PHASE 99 Aerosol Drop Method 100 Melt Atomization 101 Chemical Vapor Deposition 101 Physical Vapor Deposition

8 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 101 LIQUID PHASE ("WET" COLLOID CHEMISTRY) 102 TABLE 37 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: LIQUID PHASE 103 Colloid 104 Batch Process 104 Continuous Flow 105 Precipitation 106 SOLID PHASE 106 TABLE 38 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: SOLID PHASE 107 SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE SILICON QDS 107 LIQUID PHASE SYNTHESIS 107 TABLE 39 VARIOUS METHODS USED FOR SI-NC SYNTHESIS 108 SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS 110 VAPOR-PHASE SYNTHESIS 110 SYNTHESIS OF NANOCRYSTALLINE METALS BASED QDS 111 TABLE 40 VARIOUS SYNTHETIC METHODS AND PHOTOPHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF METAL-NCS SYNTHESIS OF CARBON NANOMATERIAL-BASED QUANTUM DOTS 113 CARBON QUANTUM DOTS 113 GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOTS 114 ASSEMBLY OF QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURES 115 TABLE 41 QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY METHODS 116 LITHOGRAPHY 117 Conventional Top-Down Methods 117 Nanolithography 117 FILM FORMATION 118 Cast Film 119 Langmuir-Blodgett 119 Layer-by-Layer 119 Metamaterials 120 Biomolecular Self-Assembly 120 Photopatternable Arrays 121 OTHER TECHNIQUES 122 Digital Printing 122 Nanoporous Templates 123 QUANTUM DOT APPLICATIONS AND END USES 123 TABLE 42 MAIN APPLICATION SECTORS AND INDUSTRIAL END USES IDENTIFIED FOR QUANTUM DOT TECHNOLOGY BIOMEDICAL 125 ELECTRONICS 125 OPTICS 125 OPTOELECTRONICS 125 SECURITY 125 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY 126 MARKET SECTORIZATION AND FIVE-YEAR REVENUE GROWTH TRENDS 126 TABLE 43 GLOBAL MARKET REVENUE GENERATED BY QUANTUM DOTS ACCORDING TO MAJOR MARKET SECTORS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS)

9 FIGURE 8 GLOBAL MARKET REVENUES GENERATED BY QUANTUM DOTS ACCORDING TO MAJOR MARKET SECTORS, 2013 AND 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 126 CHAPTER 5 GLOBAL MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR NANOFILTRATION (REPORT NAN045B) INTRODUCTION, STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 129 REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY 129 INTENDED AUDIENCE 130 SCOPE OF REPORT 131 METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 132 RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 133 ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS 134 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 135 TABLE 44 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES, ($ MILLIONS) OVERVIEW OF MEMBRANE-BASED SEPARATION PROCESSES AND NANOFILTRATION TABLE 45 MEMBRANE-BASED SEPARATION PROCESSES, THE MEMBRANE INDUSTRY 138 TABLE 46 MEMBRANE MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 138 TABLE 47 APPLICATIONS OF MEMBRANE-BASED SEPARATION PROCESSES, NANOFILTRATION 142 TABLE 48 MICROFILTRATION, ULTRAFILTRATION, NANOFILTRATION AND REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE PROPERTIES MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF NANOFILTRATION AND RECENT EVENTS 143 TABLE 49 MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES AND NANOFILTRATION-TECHNOLOGICAL MILESTONES FIGURE 10 NANOFILTRATION: WORLDWIDE PATENT APPLICATIONS AND PATENTS ISSUED SINCE 1970, BY DECADE (NO. OF PATENTS) TABLE 145 APPLICATIONS OF NANOFILTRATION 145 TABLE 50 APPLICATIONS OF NANOFILTRATION, WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT 149 Potable Water 149 Desalination of Brackish Water and Seawater 150 Dual-Stage Filtration 150 Wastewater 151 FOOD INDUSTRY 151 Dairy Industry 151 Beverages 151 Others 152 CHEMICAL AND PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY 152 Treatment of Acid and Caustic Solutions 152 Recovery and Recycle of Catalysts 152 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration 152 Oil/Water Separation 153 Oil and Gas Processing

10 Production of Lactic Acid 153 METAL WORKING INDUSTRY 153 PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL INDUSTRY 154 OTHERS 154 CHAPTER 6 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PRINTING: GLOBAL MARKETS (REPORT NAN059A) 156 INTRODUCTION, STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 156 REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 156 SCOPE OF REPORT 157 INTENDED AUDIENCE 157 INFORMATION SOURCES 157 ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS 158 RELATED BCC RESEARCH REPORTS 158 MARKET SUMMARY 158 TABLE 51 CONSOLIDATED GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY-ENABLED PRINTING BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 11 CONSOLIDATED GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY-ENABLED PRINTING BY REGION, ($ MILLIONS) INDUSTRY DEFINITION 161 SCOPE OF THE INDUSTRY 161 MARKET POTENTIAL FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY-ENABLED PRINTING 162 CONCEPT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 162 FOUR GENERATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 163 TABLE 52 FOUR GENERATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 164 ROLE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PRINTING INDUSTRY 164 COMMON KEY WORDS USED IN NANOTECHNOLOGY-ENABLED PRINTING 165 NANOTECHNOLOGY 165 NANOMATERIALS 165 Nanoparticles 165 Quantum Dots 165 Carbon Nanotubes 166 Nanowires 166 Graphene 166 PRINTING 166 SINTERING PROCESS 166 PATTERN 166 SUBSTRATE 166 NANOLITHOGRAPHY 167 NEXT GENERATION LITHOGRAPHY 167 SOFT LITHOGRAPHY 167 INKJET PRINTING 167 SEMICONDUCTOR 167 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE FABRICATION 168 SEMICONDUCTOR FOUNDRY 168 KEY AREAS WHERE NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PRINTING IS USED 168 PRINTING ELECTRONICS 168 CONDUCTIVE INKS FOR PRINTING ELECTRONICS 169 APPLICATIONS OF CONDUCTIVE INKS AND ROLE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

11 Printing RFID Tags and Sensors in Smart Packaging 169 Printing Solar/Photovoltaic Cells 170 Printing Organic/Light Emitting Diode (O/LED) 170 INVISIBLE INKS FOR PRINTING SECURITY DOCUMENTS, ANTI-COUNTERFEITING FABRICATING SEMICONDUCTORS 171 OTHER NOVEL APPLICATIONS 172 ADVANTAGES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PRINTING 172 NANOMATERIALS PROVIDE INCREASED CONDUCTIVITY 172 NANOMATERIAL-ENABLED PRINTING ON A VARIETY OF THIN AND FLEXIBLE SUBSTRATES POSSIBLE PRODUCTION OF NANOSTRUCTURE TRANSISTORS 173 DEVELOPMENT OF MINIATURE STRUCTURES USING 3D PRINTING

12 LIST OF TABLES TABLE HEADING TABLE 1 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF ADVANCED AND NANOSCALE CERAMIC POWDERS, THROUGH 2018 (MILLION LBS/$ MILLIONS) TABLE 2 COMMONLY USED ADVANCED CERAMIC MATERIAL FAMILIES 11 TABLE 3 PLASMA SYNTHESIS OF CERAMIC POWDERS 13 TABLE 4 POWDER SYNTHESIS COMPARISON 21 TABLE 5 POWDER PROCESSES FOR VARIOUS CERAMIC MATERIALS 22 TABLE 6 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL USES FOR ADVANCED CERAMICS 24 TABLE 7 CURRENT AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ADVANCED STRUCTURAL CERAMICS TABLE 8 PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL ALUMINA 27 TABLE 9 PROPERTIES OF NORZIDE YZ-110HS TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA CERAMIC 28 TABLE 10 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND CRITICAL FLAW SIZES OF MONOLITHIC AND COMPOSITE CERAMIC MATERIALS TABLE 11 PROPERTIES OF MONOLITHIC CERAMICS AND CERAMIC COMPOSITES 29 TABLE 12 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF VARIOUS ZIRCONIAS 30 TABLE 13 HIGH-PERFORMANCE CERAMIC COATING MATERIALS AND GENERAL APPLICATIONS TABLE 14 REPRESENTATIVE FLAME AND PLASMA SPRAYED MATERIALS, MELTING OR SOFTENING TEMPERATURES AND APPLICATIONS TABLE 15 CERAMIC INSULATORS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 34 TABLE 16 CERAMIC SUBSTRATE PROPERTIES 35 TABLE 17 CANDIDATE CERAMIC SUBSTRATE MATERIALS FOR ELECTRONICS 36 TABLE 18 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF NANOCOMPOSITES, THROUGH 2019 (MT/$ MILLIONS) TABLE 19 PROPERTIES AND MAIN APPLICATIONS OF PRINCIPAL TYPES OF COMMERCIAL CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES TABLE 20 OTHER CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 58 TABLE 21 PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS OF CLAY CONTAINING COMPOSITES 60 TABLE 22 CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE SUPPLIERS 61 TABLE 23 PROPERTIES AND MAIN APPLICATIONS FOR PRINCIPAL TYPES OF CERAMIC-CONTAINING NANOCOMPOSITES TABLE 24 PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS OF CERAMIC CONTAINING COMPOSITES 71 TABLE 25 CERAMIC NANOCOMPOSITE SUPPLIERS 74 TABLE 26 PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITE 78 TABLE 27 PRINCIPAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOTUBE COMPOSITES 80 TABLE 28 GLOBAL MARKET REVENUES FOR QUANTUM DOTS BY MARKET SECTOR, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 29 CHRONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF QDS: FROM RESEARCH CURIOSITY THROUGH TO COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT TABLE 30 COMPARISON OF EMISSION WAVELENGTH OF SC AND METAL NC QUANTUM DOTS AS A FUNCTION OF THEIR SIZE TABLE 31 OTHER PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDAL QUANTUM DOTS 91 TABLE 32 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF QDS: BASIC STRUCTURES 92 TABLE 33 HIERARCHY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF QDS: COMPOSITE STRUCTURES 94 TABLE 34 QD MATERIAL TYPES AND THEIR COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 95 TABLE 35 KEY QUANTUM DOT TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 97 TABLE 36 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: VAPOR PHASE 99 TABLE 37 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: LIQUID PHASE 103 TABLE 38 QUANTUM DOT PRODUCTION METHODS: SOLID PHASE

13 TABLE HEADING TABLE 39 VARIOUS METHODS USED FOR SI-NC SYNTHESIS 108 TABLE 40 VARIOUS SYNTHETIC METHODS AND PHOTOPHYSICAL BEHAVIOR OF METAL-NCS TABLE 41 QUANTUM DOT STRUCTURE ASSEMBLY METHODS 116 TABLE 42 MAIN APPLICATION SECTORS AND INDUSTRIAL END USES IDENTIFIED FOR QUANTUM DOT TECHNOLOGY TABLE 43 GLOBAL MARKET REVENUE GENERATED BY QUANTUM DOTS ACCORDING TO MAJOR MARKET SECTORS, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 44 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES, THROUGH 2019 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 45 MEMBRANE-BASED SEPARATION PROCESSES, TABLE 46 MEMBRANE MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) 138 TABLE 47 APPLICATIONS OF MEMBRANE-BASED SEPARATION PROCESSES, TABLE 48 MICROFILTRATION, ULTRAFILTRATION, NANOFILTRATION AND REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE PROPERTIES TABLE 49 MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES AND NANOFILTRATION-TECHNOLOGICAL MILESTONES TABLE 145 TABLE 50 APPLICATIONS OF NANOFILTRATION, TABLE 51 CONSOLIDATED GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY-ENABLED PRINTING BY REGION, THROUGH 2018 ($ MILLIONS) TABLE 52 FOUR GENERATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

14 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE FIGURE 1 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF ADVANCED AND NANOSIZED CERAMIC POWDERS, (% OF TOTAL VALUE CONSUMED) FIGURE 2 SCHEMATIC OF DC ARC PLASMA FURNACE DEVELOPED BY THE JAPAN NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR METALS FIGURE 3 LOS ALAMOS RF PLASMA REACTOR 15 FIGURE 4 PROCESS FLOWCHART FOR EMULSION PROCESS TO PRODUCE BARIUM TITANATE FIGURE 5 GLOBAL CONSUMPTION OF NANOCOMPOSITES, ($ MILLIONS) 41 FIGURE 6 TOTAL GLOBAL MARKET REVENUE FOR QD-BASED PRODUCTS, ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 7 LUMINESCENCE SIZE REGIMES FOR DIFFERENT SEMICONDUCTOR AND METAL QUANTUM DOTS FIGURE 8 GLOBAL MARKET REVENUES GENERATED BY QUANTUM DOTS ACCORDING TO MAJOR MARKET SECTORS, 2013 AND 2018 ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 9 GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOFILTRATION MEMBRANES, ($ MILLIONS) FIGURE 10 NANOFILTRATION: WORLDWIDE PATENT APPLICATIONS AND PATENTS ISSUED SINCE 1970, BY DECADE (NO. OF PATENTS) FIGURE 11 CONSOLIDATED GLOBAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY-ENABLED PRINTING BY REGION, ($ MILLIONS)