INFLUENCE OF NANO MATERIALS AND THEIR COATING IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

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1 INFLUENCE OF NANO MATERIALS AND THEIR COATING IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES M.Narasimha 1, GC.Lall 2 3 Scholar, Shri Venkateshwara University Meerut (India) 2 Guide PhD ABSTRACT In order to produce components of different types, various manufacturing methods and number of materials are used in manufacturing industries. The manufacturers of these components desired to improve their productivity, quality of the components and expect longer life of the cutting tools. The manufacturing industry is constantly striving to decrease its cutting costs and increase the quality of the machined parts as the demand for high tolerance manufactured goods is rapidly increasing. Also innovations are carried out to find the correct and suitable materials to produce the quality components which serve for longer time. For machining operations cutting tools are in use and the tool manufacturers also aims at producing quality tools to with stand for higher cutting forces, thermal resistivity with more wear resistance and to give longer life of the tool, to produce better surface finish product and maintain desired dimensional accuracies of the product.both these requirements of manufacturing industries and tool manufacturers are taken as a challenge by the material engineers and finding the solutions to meet their demand. Similarly the customers also expect the quality and durability of the product at competitive price. In this paper attempt is made to present the application of Nanomaterials, Nanostructured Coatings and Nanocomposites in producing the products. Nanotechnology can best be considered as a 'catch-all' description of activities at an almost vanishingly small scale that have applications in the real world. They are being spoken of as the driving force behind a new industrial revolution. Nanotechnologies will be a major technological force for change in shaping environment across all industrial sectors. These materials have created a high interest in recent years by virtue of their unusual mechanical, electrical, optical and magnetic properties. Nanomaterials have applications in the field of nano technology, and displays different physical chemical characteristics from normal chemicals. Nano coatings and nanocomposites are finding uses in diverse consumer products. Keywords: Nano Materials, Nanostructured Coatings And Manufacturing Industries I. INTRODUCTION Nanomaterials are cornerstones of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nanostructure science and technology is a broad and interdisciplinary area of research and development activity that has been growing explosively worldwide in the past few years. It has the potential for revolutionizing the ways in which materials and products are created and the range and nature of functionalities that can be accessed. It is already having a 113 P a g e

significant commercial impact, which will assuredly increase in the future. (1) Nanotechnology had its origins in the 1930s, in processes used to create silver coatings for photographic film. Fig.

Arab potters used nanoparticles in their glazes so that objects would change colour depending on the viewing angle (the so-called polychrome luster).today s nanotechnology, i.e. the planned manipulation of materials and properties on a nanoscale, exploits the interaction of three technological streams 1.

2 significant commercial impact, which will assuredly increase in the future. (1) Nanotechnology had its origins in the 1930s, in processes used to create silver coatings for photographic film. Fig. Evaluation of science and technology and the future However, the earliest known use of nanoparticles is in the ninth century during the Abbasid dynasty. Arab potters used nanoparticles in their glazes so that objects would change colour depending on the viewing angle (the so-called polychrome luster).today s nanotechnology, i.e. the planned manipulation of materials and properties on a nanoscale, exploits the interaction of three technological streams 1. New and improved control of the size and manipulation of nanoscale building blocks 2. New and improved characterization of materials on a nanoscale (e.g., spatial resolution, chemical sensitivity) 3. New and improved understanding of the relationships between nanostructure and properties and how these can be engineered. Fig.2 Nanotechnology contribution of USA 114 P a g e

II. LITERATURE REVIEW Nanoscale materials are defined as a set of substances where at least one dimension is less than approximately 100 nanometers.

3 II. LITERATURE REVIEW Nanoscale materials are defined as a set of substances where at least one dimension is less than approximately 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter - approximately 100,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Nanomaterials are of interest because at this scale unique optical, magnetic, electrical, and other properties emerge. These emergent properties have the potential for great impacts in electronics, medicine, and other fields. Fig 3.Nanomaterial (for example carbon nanotube) The two main reasons why materials at the nano scale can have different properties are increased relative surface area and new quantum effects. They can be nanoscale in one dimension (eg. surface films), two dimensions (eg. strands or fibres), or three dimensions (eg. particles). such as windows, sports equipment, bicycles and automobiles. There are novel UV-blocking coatings on glass bottles which protect beverages from damage by sunlight, and longer-lasting tennis balls using butyl rubber/nano-clay composites. Today nanophase engineering expands in a rapidly growing number of structural and functional materials, both inorganic and organic, allowing manipulating mechanical, catalytic, electric, magnetic, optical and electronic functions. A nanometer (nm) is one thousand millionth of a meter. A single human hair is about 80,000 nmwide; a red blood cell is approximately 7,000 nm wide, a DNA molecule 2 to 2.5 nm, and a water molecule almost 0.3 nm. The term nanotechnology was created by Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo University in 1974 to describe the precision manufacture of materials with nanometer tolerances. They can be found in such things as sunscreens, cosmetics, sporting goods, stain-resistant clothing, tires, electronics, as well as many other everyday items, and are used in medicine for purposes of diagnosis, imaging and drug delivery. The range of commercial products available today is very broad, including stain-resistant and wrinkle-free textiles, cosmetics, sunscreens, electronics, paints and varnishes. The production of nanophase or cluster-assembled materials is usually based upon the creation of separated small clusters which then are fused into a bulk-like material or on their embedding into compact liquid or solid matrix materials. e.g. nanophase silicon, which differs from normal silicon in physical and electronic properties, could be applied to macroscopic semiconductor processes to create new devices. Common types of nanomaterials include nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots and fullerenes. (i.e., silver nano, carbon nanotube, fullerene, photocatalyst, carbon nano, silica). According to Siegel, Nanostructured materials are classified as Zero dimensional, one dimensional, two dimensional, three dimensional nanostructures. 115 P a g e

Fig.4 Classification of Nanomaterials (a) 0D spheres and clusters, (b) 1D nanofibers, wires, and rods, (c) 2D films, plates, and networks, (d) 3D nanomaterials.

Siegel: zero (atomic clusters, filaments and cluster assemblies), one (multilayers), two (ultrafine-grained overlayers or buried layers), and three (nanophase materials consisting of equiaxed

4 Fig.4 Classification of Nanomaterials (a) 0D spheres and clusters, (b) 1D nanofibers, wires, and rods, (c) 2D films, plates, and networks, (d) 3D nanomaterials. Nanomaterials can be created with various modulation dimensionalities as defined by Richard W. Siegel: zero (atomic clusters, filaments and cluster assemblies), one (multilayers), two (ultrafine-grained overlayers or buried layers), and three (nanophase materials consisting of equiaxed nanometer sized grains) as shown in the above figure Examples of Nanomaterials Nanomaterials (gold, carbon, metals, meta oxides and alloys) with variety of morphologies (shapes) are depicted in Fig. 5. Fig. 5 Nanomaterials with a variety of morphologies Nanotechnology has not quite reached the full extent of the vision of Dr Wu, though we are already experiencing its effects, particularly in applications resulting from nano electronics and semiconductor technologies. The present trend towards miniaturization - the competitive quest for ever smaller machines and components that use fewer resources (e.g. energy, materials) - while offering the potential for thecheap massproduction of increasingly complex goods is rapidly pushing industry into the nanometre realms. The coming era of nanotechnology is being made possible by the remarkable convergence of many technological advances in this decade that include hugely powerful computers that allow the design of new materials and the simulation of their properties a new generation of microscopes that can provide images at the nanometre scale, as well as measure and manipulate atoms and molecules the advent of virtual reality that enables us to visit and experience the wonders of this new and hitherto unimaginable nanoworld Nano coating technology is now being strongly influenced by nanotechnology. Nano-scale materials, characterized by grain sizes of less than 100nm are being investigated, and significant advances are being made in the synthesis of high quality nanocrystalline powders, and several methods such as vapour condensation and solution precipitation have been scaled up for industrial use. Metallic stainless steel coatings sprayed using 116 P a g e

5 Nano-crystalline powders have been shown to possess increased hardness when compared with conventional coatings, although the porosity is increased. Novel tungsten carbide - cobalt coatings produced from nanostructured powders have also shown promising results in terms of bond strength, but to date little work has been conducted to assess their durability. Nanocomposite coating offer enormous potential for new applications in industrial areas.. The insert with a coating of Zerconia Toughened Alumina (ZTAexhibits higher hardness, superio wear resistance and higher fracture toughness when compared with the uncoated insert.the nano crystalline coating it created has a needlelike surface structure. These nano coated cutting tools machine hardened steels in an efficient way, while compared with uncoated tools without lubricant. They perform better than uncoated cutting tools. Hardened M42 tool steel, TiAlCrYN coatings are effective at reducing tool wear due to chipping and tend to improve tool life.( 2) Fig. 6 The interaction of main parameters on the quality of coated cutting tools III APPLICATION Nanomaterials having wide range of applications in the field of electronics, fuel cells, batteries, agriculture, food industry, and medicines, etc... Nanotechnology offers considerable opportunities for the development of innovative products and applications for agriculture, water treatment, food production, processing, preservation and packaging, and its use may bring potential benefits to farmers, food industry and consumers alike. Nanotechnologies are used by the car industry to reinforce certain properties of car bumpers and to improve the adhesive properties of paints. Among the most well-known are glasses for windows which is coated with titanium oxide nanoparticles that react to sunlight to break down dirt. Nanotechnologies are used by the car industry to reinforce certain properties of car bumpers and to improve the adhesive properties of paints. Other uses of nanotechnologies in consumer products include: Sunglasses using protective and antireflective ultrathin polymer coatings. Nanotechnology also offers scratchresistant coatings based on nanocomposites that are transparent, ultra-thin, simple to care for, well suited for daily use and reasonably priced. Textiles can incorporate nanotechnology to make practical improvements to such properties as wind proofing and waterproofing, preventing wrinkling or staining, and guarding against electrostatic discharges. The windproof and waterproof properties of one ski jacket, for example, are obtained not by a surface coating of the jacket but by the use of nanofibers 117 P a g e

6 Sports equipment manufacturers are also turning to nanotech. A high-performance ski wax, which produces a hard and fast-gliding surface, is already in use. The ultra-thin coating lasts longer than conventional waxing systems. Tennis rackets with carbon nanotubes have increased torsion and flex resistance. The rackets are more rigid than current carbon rackets and pack more power. Long-lasting tennis-balls are made by coating the inner core with clay polymer nanocomposites and have twice the lifetime of conventional balls.there are many applications for these new materials in different products and processes, some of which are described below: (3) Application Colloids Pigments Dispersions Emulsions. Anti-corrosion Coatings Ferro fluids Magnetic particles Ceramicprocessing technology Nano- emulsion. Lubricants Drug delivery systems: Bio-receptors fo energy transfer Cosmetics. UV protection gels. Same as above. Improvements using new attached molecules New structural, optical and thermodynamic properties. Better thermal stability without loss of absorption characteristics. Nanoparticle size, and molecular structures can be tailored Engineering of viscosity and particle size Improved surface mechanical properties and stability in air. Creation of 'fluid magnets', which can be externally manipulated using a magnetic field. As a consequence, the magnetic fluid can also be made to exhibit different rheological properties and structure. Below a critical size, magnetic particles are superparamagnetic and the collective magnetic response is fluid. Superparamagnets adjust to weak external magnetic forces. 'Customized' ceramics for one-off applications; particularly using stabilized zirconia Nanoparticle size and composition selected to produce required viscosity and absorption characteristics Tailored viscosity and thermal expansion properties Nanoparticles can determine the chemical reactivity rate, the location and the timing of drug delivery. Nanocomposites can be designed to exhibit well defined singlet or triplet excitonic absorption spectra. These localised bundles of light energy can be transferred over long distances to a 'receptor' and used for example for photochemistry or charge generation (the photoelectric cell). The addition of nanoparticles can influence the flow characteristics and mechanical properties of cosmetics, as well as the absorption of harmful radiation Sol-gel technology In the design of different types of materials 118 P a g e

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12 IV. CONCLUSIONS Nanotechnology both offers almost limitless potential to industry particularly in the creation of new high added value niche products or in the export of know-how. There will be many social benefits also, such as the reduction of environmental pollution, better healthcare, improvement of quality of life for the aged, better transport and easier production of renewable energy. Developments in nanotechnology need to go hand-in-hand with ethical considerations(4) Nano-grained WC/Co composites have the potential to become the new materials for tools and dies, and wear parts. Benefits of nano-grained WC/Co approach include shorter sintering time, high purity, and precise control of composition. These materials have superior properties and more homogeneous microstructure than those of conventional WC/Co composites do. Nano-grained WC/Co also allow optimization of specific properties without comprising others. Higher toughness and ductility can be achieved without reducing hardness and wear resistance. (5) REFERENCE [1]. Introduction to Nanomaterials by A. Alagarasi [2]. C.J. Tavares, L. Rebouta, M. Andritschky, S. Ramos, Mechanical characterization of TiN/ZrN multilayered coatings, Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies AMPT '97, Guimaraes, Portugal, 1997, [3]. The Institute of Nanotechnology OttiliaSa5 124 P a g e

[4]. W. Luther, N. Malanowski NanotechnologiealswirtschaftlicherWachstumsmarkt, Innovations- und Technikanalyse, VDI, Düsseldorf September 2004 (in German) [5].

13 [4]. W. Luther, N. Malanowski NanotechnologiealswirtschaftlicherWachstumsmarkt, Innovations- und Technikanalyse, VDI, Düsseldorf September 2004 (in German) [5]. Opportunity for Nanomaterials by Stephen Taylor Authors Biography M.Narasimha.Received his B.Tech. Degree in Mechanical Engineering from JNTU, HYDERABAD.He received M.E. Degree from VMU, TAMILNADU. Currently PhD Scholar of Sri Venkateshwara University Meerut. 125 P a g e

Nanotechnology. An Introduction

Nanotechnology. An Introduction Nanotechnology An Introduction Nanotechnology A new interdisciplinary field of science The study of systems at the nanoscale The use of tools at the nanoscale Building and applying structures that are