Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design

Transcription

1 Nanomaterials, Nanotechnologies and Design An Introduction for Engineers and Architects Michael F. Ashby Paulo J. Ferreira Daniel L. Schodek ^ШШШ ' & Ш-И ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier

2 Preface xiii The first three chapters in the Acknowledgments xix hook are introductory in,..,,, T, nature. Chapter 1 provides CHAPTER 1 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies: *<.,, an overview of the general An Overview 1 characteristics and field of 1.1 Why Nanomaterials? 1 mnomateriah 1.2 Scale, Structure, and Behavior 11 Further Reading 15 CHAPTER 2 An Evolutionary Perspective 17 Chapter 2 presents a 2.1 A Brief History of Materials 17 retrospective look at 2.2 Nanomaterials and Nanostructures in materials, nanomaterials in Nature 23 nature, and nanomaterials as 2.3 Nanomaterials in Art and Cultural Heritage they have long been found in Examples Found in Art 29 works of artisans. Conservation 32 Further Reading 38 CHAPTER 3 The Design Context 41 Chapter 3 discusses the 3.1 Materials in Design 41 general use of materials in Design Focus 47 architecture and product 3.2 Product Design, Architecture, design, general product and and Engineering 49 building types, and design Products 49 processes all with a special Characterizing Products: A Broad emphasis on the emerging Perspective 50 role of nanomaterials. Production Volumes 52 Value 52 General Product Complexity and Performance 53 Architecture, Building Engineering, and Civil Engineering 55 The Design and Development Context 55 Building Types 58

3 3.3 Environments, Systems, and Assemblies 59 Environments 59 Systems and Assemblies 61 Unitary and Modular Design Approaches to Systems and Assemblies The Design and Development Process 70 The Overall Development Process 70 Structured Design Processes in Relation to Materials 74 Unstructured Design Processes A Design Vignette 78 Further Reading 85 Chapter 4 presents the basic properties CHAPTER 4 Material Classes, Structure, of materials from a qualitative and and Properties 87 quantitative perspective. Topics should 4.1 Classes of Materials 87 be familiar to engineers and material Metallic Materials 87 scientists and can be of interest to Ceramic Materials 87 technically oriented designers. Polymeric Materials 88 Composite Materials 88 Electronic Materials 88 Biomaterials 88 Nanomaterials The Internal Structure of Materials 89 Atomic Structure 89 Atomic Bonding 92 Crystal Structure 95 Molecular Structure 98 Defects Mechanical Behavior 103 Stress, Strain, Stiffness, and Strength 103 The Origins of Strength Thermal Behavior 113 Intrinsic Thermal Properties 113 The Physics of Thermal Properties Electrical Behavior 117 Resistivity and Conductivity 118 Dielectric Behavior 119 The Physics of Electrical Properties Magnetic Behavior 127 Magnetic Fields in a Vacuum 127 Magnetic Fields in Materials 128 Measuring Magnetic Properties 128 The Physics of Magnetic Behavior 130

4 Optical Behavior 132 The Interaction of Materials and Radiation. 133 Specular and Diffuse Reflection 134 Absorption 134 Transmission 134 Refraction 134 The Physics of Optical Properties 136 Acoustic Behavior 141 Sound Velocity and Wavelength 141 Sound Management 141 Sound Wave Impedance and Radiation of Sound Energy 143 Further Reading 144 Material Property Charts and Their Uses 147 Material Property Charts 147 The Modulus Bar Chart and the Modulus-Density Bubble Chart 147 The Modulus-Relative Cost Chart 149 The Strength-Density Chart 150 Thermal Expansion, a, and Thermal Conductivity, A 151 Feel: Tactile Attributes 152 Hearing: Acoustic Attributes 154 Using Charts to Select Translation, Screening, Ranking, and Documentation 154 Translation 155 Screening 157 Ranking: Material Indices 157 Documentation 157 Plotting Limits and Indices on Charts 158 Screening: Constraints on Charts 158 Ranking: Indices on Charts 159 Computer-Aided Selection 160 Resolving Conflicting Objectives 162 The Method of Weight Factors 163 Systematic Methods: Penalty Functions and Exchange Constants 164 Tradeoff Strategies 165 Penalty Functions 166 Values for the Exchange Constants, a 167 Further Reading 170 Chapter 5 presents a structured design process based on material property charts that can be used for material selection and resolving conflicting design objectives. The approach is of great interest to design-oriented engineers and technically oriented architects.

5 Chapter 6, 7, and 8 provide an introduction to the classes and fundamental characteristics of nanomaterials, how they are made and characterized, and their properties. The treatment generally assumes some level of prior technical background in materials. These chapters are of interest to engineers and material scientists who are entering the field of nanomaterials. Technically oriented architects and designers who want a deeper understanding of nanomaterials will find these sections useful. CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER Nanomaterials: Classes and Fundamentals 177 Classification of Nanomaterials 177 Size Effects 182 Surface-to-Volume Ratio Versus Shape 182 Magic Numbers 187 Surface Curvature 190 Strain Confinement 194 Quantum Effects 194 Further Reading 197 Nanomaterials: Properties 199 Mechanical Properties 199 Scale and Properties 199 Scale Dependence of Material Properties 200 The Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials 201 Thermal Properties of Nanomaterials 211 Melting Point 211 Thermal Transport 214 Electrical Properties 218 Magnetic Properties 222 Optical Properties 227 Acoustic Properties 232 Special Cases 233 Carbon Nanotubes 233 Nanocomposites 239 Further Reading 254 Nanomaterials: Synthesis and Characterization 257 Synthesis of Nanoscale Materials and Structures 257 Methods for Making 0-D Nanomaterials 257 Methods for Making 1-D and 2-D Nanomaterials 260 Methods for Making 3-D Nanomaterials 263 Тор-Down Processes 264 Intermediate Processes 266 Bottom-Up Processes 267 Methods for Nanoprofiling 267

6 Characterization of Nanomaterials 271 Further Reading 289 Design Environments and Systems 291 Environments and Systems 291 Structural and Mechanical Environments 293 Nano-Based Structural/Mechanical Applications 296 The Thermal Environment 307 Basic Heat Transfer 308 Thermal Environments in Products 309 Thermal Environments in Spaces 312 Application of Nanomaterials in the Design of Thermal Environments 317 Electrical and Magnetic Environments 328 Electronic Materials 328 General Trends 328 Impacts 331 Light and Optical Environments 334 Fundamentals of Light 336 Color 339 Visual Perception 340 Luminous Environments 342 Applications of Nanomaterials 344 Nano-Related Phenomena 345 Light Control Films, Coatings, and Sheets 347 Antireflection, Transmission, and Contrast Enhancement 348 Dichroics 350 Polarizing Films and Glasses 351 Chromics 352 Luminescence 355 Nanophosphors in Lighting 355 Solid-State Lighting: Quantum Dots andqleds 357 Displays, Screens, and Electronic Papers 360 Other Nano-Based Technologies 363 Sound and Acoustical Environments 364 Fundamental Characteristics of Sound Environments 365 General Noise-Control Approaches 367 Chapter Э looks at characteristics of primary design environments that are important in architecture and product design. The role of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies within these environments are explored in a qualitative way. For those not in the design fields, the chapter provides an insight into how nanomaterials impact real applications and how an applications perspective can stimulate ideas about developing novel materials.

7 Space Acoustics 369 Applications of Nanomaterials in Sound Environments 372 Manipulating Properties 372 Nanoporous Sound Insulation Materials 374 Acoustical Damping and Isolation 374 Sound Sources 376 Musical Instruments 377 Other Applicaations Enabling Environments and Systems: Energy Interactive, Smart, and Intelligent Systems and Environments 389 Responsive Environments 389 Characterizing Interactive, Smart, and Intelligent Environments 392 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Applications Nanomaterials Costs 396 Types 397 Further Reading 401 Chapter 10 explores the many different CHAPTER 10 Nanomaterial Product Forms and and exciting functional and form Functions 403 characteristics of nanomaterials that are 10.1 Characterizing Forms and Functions 403 related to architecture, engineering, and Ю.2 Functional Characteristics 406 product design as well to the several Fundamental Approaches for Cleaning industries that produce them. Chapter and Antimicrobial Actions is suitable for readers with any type Self-Cleaning and Easy-Cleaning of background. Materials 412 Self-Healing Materials 423 Antifogging, Antireflection, and Other Characteristics "Smart" Materials Nanoproduct Forms 431 Nanocoatings 433 Multilayers and Nanofilms 436 Nanopaints and Nanosealants 438 Nanoadhesives 443 Nanoporous Materials 446 Nanotextiles 450 Nanocosmetics 459 Further Reading 465

8 CHAPTER 11 Nanomaterials and Nanotechnologies in Health and the Environment The Context Medical and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Applications Health Concerns 472 Primary Considerations 475 Effects 476 A Specific Debate Environmental Benefits and Impacts 481 Reducing Environmental Impacts: General Source Reductions 482 General Remediation and Treatment 485 Environmental Monitoring 486 Water Cleaning and Purification 486 Air Cleaning and Purification 491 Special Applications in Air Pollution Reduction 494 Soil Remediation 495 General Environmental Risks 496 Workplace Sources and Exposures 498 Further Reading 499 CHAPTER 12 The Broader Context Industry Perspectives The Automotive Industry The Building and Construction Industry 510 Directions 510 Systems Aerospace, Textiles, Sports, and Other Industries A Closing Comment 523 Further Reading 525 Chapter 11 surveys the many positive applications of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in the medical and pharmaceutical world as well as in improving the environment. Health questions are also addressed. Chapter 11 is suitable for readers with any type of background. Chapter 12, the final chapter of the book, succinctly reviews drivers (economic, societal, ethical) that are leading to increased uses of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in various industries. Index 527