P. M. Ajayan, L. S. Schadler, P. V. Braun Nanocomposite Science and Technology
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1 P. M. Ajayan, L. S. Schadler, P. V. Braun Nanocomposite Science and Technology Nanocomposite Science and Technology. Edited by P.M. Ajayan, L.S. Schadler, P.V. Braun Copyright ª 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN:
2 Related Titles from Wiley-VCH Caruso, F. Colloids and Colloid Assemblies 2003, ISBN Decher, G., Schlenoff, J.B. Multilayer Thin Films Sequential Assembly of Nanocomposite Materials 2003, ISBN Gómez-Romero, P., Sanchez, C. Functional Hybrid Materials 2003, ISBN Komiyama, M., Takeuchi, T., Mukawa, T., Asanuma, H. Molecular Imprinting From Fundamentals to Applications 2003, ISBN Krenkel, W. High Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites 2001, ISBN Köhler, M., Fritzsche, W. Nanotechnology 2004, ISBN
3 P. M. Ajayan, L. S. Schadler, P. V. Braun Nanocomposite Science and Technology
4 Pulickel M. Ajayan Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY USA Linda S. Schadler Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY USA Paul V. Braun Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, IL USA This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors and publisher do not warrant the information contained therein to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. Library of Congress Card No.: Applied for. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Die Deutsche Bibliothek CIP Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at ª 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law. Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany Printed on acid-free paper Composition Mitterweger & Partner, Plankstadt Printing Strauss Offsetdruck GmbH, Mörlenbach Bookbinding Litges & Dopf Buchbinderei GmbH, Heppenheim Cover Design: Gunter Schulz, Fußgönheim ISBN
5 V Contents 1 Bulk Metal and Ceramics Nanocomposites 1 Pulickel M. Ajayan 1.1 Introduction Ceramic/Metal Nanocomposites Nanocomposites by Mechanical Alloying Nanocomposites from SolGel Synthesis Nanocomposites by Thermal Spray Synthesis Metal Matrix Nanocomposites Bulk Ceramic Nanocomposites for Desired Mechanical Properties Thin-Film Nanocomposites: Multilayer and Granular Films Nanocomposites for Hard Coatings Carbon Nanotube-Based Nanocomposites Functional Low-Dimensional Nanocomposites Encapsulated Composite Nanosystems Applications of Nanocomposite Wires Applications of Nanocomposite Particles Inorganic Nanocomposites for Optical Applications Inorganic Nanocomposites for Electrical Applications Nanoporous Structures and Membranes: Other Nanocomposites Nanocomposites for Magnetic Applications Particle-Dispersed Magnetic Nanocomposites Magnetic Multilayer Nanocomposites Microstructure and Thermal Stability of Layered Magnetic Nanocomposites Media Materials Nanocomposite Structures having Miscellaneous Properties Concluding Remarks on Metal/Ceramic Nanocomposites 69 Nanocomposite Science and Technology. Edited by P.M. Ajayan, L.S. Schadler, P.V. Braun Copyright ª 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN:
6 VI Contents 2 Polymer-based and Polymer-filled Nanocomposites 77 Linda S. Schadler 2.1 Introduction Nanoscale Fillers Nanofiber or Nanotube Fillers Carbon Nanotubes Nanotube Processing Purity Other Nanotubes Plate-like Nanofillers Equi-axed Nanoparticle Fillers Inorganic FillerPolymer Interfaces Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites Nanotube/Polymer Composites Layered FillerPolymer Composite Processing Polyamide Matrices Polyimide Matrices Polypropylene and Polyethylene Matrices Liquid-Crystal Matrices Polymethylmethacrylate/Polystyrene Matrices Epoxy and Polyurethane Matrices Polyelectrolyte Matrices Rubber Matrices Others Nanoparticle/Polymer Composite Processing Direct Mixing Solution Mixing In-Situ Polymerization In-Situ Particle Processing Ceramic/Polymer Composites In-Situ Particle Processing Metal/Polymer Nanocomposites Modification of Interfaces Modification of Nanotubes Modification of Equi-axed Nanoparticles Small-Molecule Attachment Polymer Coatings Inorganic Coatings Properties of Composites Mechanical Properties Modulus and the Load-Carrying Capability of Nanofillers Failure Stress and Strain Toughness Glass Transition and Relaxation Behavior Abrasion and Wear Resistance Permeability Dimensional Stability 135
7 Contents VII Thermal Stability and Flammability Electrical and Optical Properties Resistivity, Permittivity, and Breakdown Strength Optical Clarity Refractive Index Control Light-Emitting Devices Other Optical Activity Summary Natural Nanobiocomposites, Biomimetic Nanocomposites, and Biologically Inspired Nanocomposites 155 Paul V. Braun 3.1 Introduction Natural Nanocomposite Materials Biologically Synthesized Nanoparticles Biologically Synthesized Nanostructures Biologically Derived Synthetic Nanocomposites Protein-Based Nanostructure Formation DNA-Templated Nanostructure Formation Protein Assembly Biologically Inspired Nanocomposites Lyotropic Liquid-Crystal Templating Liquid-Crystal Templating of Thin Films Block-Copolymer Templating Colloidal Templating Summary Modeling of Nanocomposites 215 Catalin Picu and Pawel Keblinski 4.1 Introduction The Need For Modeling Current Conceptual Frameworks Multiscale Modeling Multiphysics Aspects Validation 221 Index 223
8 Contents IX Preface The field of nanocomposites involves the study of multiphase material where at least one of the constituent phases has one dimension less than 100 nm. The promise of nanocomposites lies in their multifunctionality, the possibility of realizing unique combinations of properties unachievable with traditional materials. The challenges in reaching this promise are tremendous. They include control over the distribution in size and dispersion of the nanosize constituents, tailoring and understanding the role of interfaces between structurally or chemically dissimilar phases on bulk properties. Large scale and controlled processing of many nanomaterials has yet to be achieved. Our mentor as we make progress down this road is mother Nature and her quintessential nanocomposite structures, for example, bone. We realize that a book on a subject of such wide scope is a challenging endeavour. The recent explosion of research in this area introduces another practical limitation. What is written here should be read from the perspective of a dynamic and emerging field of science and technology. Rather than covering the entire spectrum of nanocomposite science and technology, we have picked three areas that provide the basic concepts and generic examples that define the overall nature of the field. In the first chapter we discuss nanocomposites based on inorganic materials and their applications. In the second chapter polymer based nanoparticle filled composites are detailed with an emphasis on interface engineering to obtain nanocomposites with optimum performance. The third chapter is about naturally occurring systems of nanocomposites and current steps towards naturally inspired synthetic nanocomposites. Finally a short chapter contributed by our colleagues highlights the possibility of using theoretical models and simulations for understanding nanocomposite properties. We hope our readers will find the book of value to further their research interests in this fascinating and fast evolving area of nanocomposites. Troy, July 2003 P. M. Ajayan, L. S. Schadler and P. V. Braun Nanocomposite Science and Technology. Edited by P.M. Ajayan, L.S. Schadler, P.V. Braun Copyright ª 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN:
P. M. Ajayan, L. S. Schadler, P. V. Braun Nanocomposite Science and Technology
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