NANOMEDICINE. WILEY A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC NANOMATERIALS, NANOSENSORS AND NANOSYSTEMS

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1 NANOMEDICINE DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC NANOMATERIALS, NANOSENSORS AND NANOSYSTEMS Vijay K. Varadan Linfeng Chen Jining Xie WILEY A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

2 Preface About the Authors xi xv 1 Introduction What is Nanoscience and Nanotechnology? Nanoscale: Where Physical and Biological Sciences Meet Nanoscience Nanotechnology Typical Approaches for Synthesis of Nanomaterials Interdisciplinarity of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Magnets and Nanometers: Mutual Attraction Typical Magnetic Nanomaterials Nanospheres Nanorods and Nanowires Nanotubes Thin Films Nanomedicine and Magnetic Nanomedicine Inspiration from Nature What is Nanomedicine? Status of Nanomedicine Magnetic Nanomedicine Typical Biomedical Applications of Functional Magnetic Nanomaterials Diagnostic Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles Therapeutic Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles Magnetic Biosensors and Biochips Based on Magnetic Thin Films Trends of the Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials 29 2 Physical Background for the Biomedical Applications of Functional Magnetic Nanomaterials Requirements for Biomedical Applications Magnetic Particles and Ferrofluids Biocompatibility and Chemical Stability 38

3 2.1.3 Magnetic Properties Physical Properties Fundamentals of Nanomagnetism Basic Concepts of Nanomagnetism Superparamagnetism Nanoparticle Assemblies Colloidal Magnetic Nanoparticles Heating Mechanisms for Hyperthermia Magnetic Relaxation of Ferrofluids Debye Theory Magnetic Relaxations of Magnetic Fluids Ferromagnetic Resonances Characterization of the Electromagnetic Responses of Ferrofluids Magnetorheology of Ferrofluids Effects of Magnetic Field on Ferrofluid Viscosity Rheometers for the Study of Magnetorheology Fluids Manipulation of Magnetic Particles in Fluids Magnetic Nanoparticles and Microparticles Forces on Magnetic Particles by Magnetic Fields Mechanism of Magnetic Manipulation Interactions Between Biological Nanomaterials and Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Surface Coating Targeting to Cell Receptors Targeted Cell Uptake Interactions Between Magnetic Nanoparticles and Cell Membranes 80 Magnetic Nanoparticles Introduction Basics of Nanomagnetics Classification of Magnetic Nanoparticles Single-domain Particles Superparamagnetism Synthesis Techniques Chemical Methods Biological Methods Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Synthesis of Magnetic Monometallic Nanoparticles Synthesis of Magnetic Alloy Nanoparticles Synthesis of Magnetic Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis of Magnetic Core-shell Nanoparticles Bio-inspired Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Functionalized with Organic Molecules Functionalized with Biological Entities Future Prospects 126

4 4 Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles Introduction Diagnostic Applications Enhancement of Magnetic Resonance Imagin, Magnetic Labeling Spatially Resolved Magnetorelaxometry Magnetic Separation and Purification Biological Assay System Biosensors Therapeutic Applications Drug and Gene Target Delivery Hyperthermia Treatment Eye Surgery Antitumor Effects Physiological Aspects Toxic Effects 5 Magnetosomes and their Biomedical Applications Introduction Magnetotactic Bacteria and Magnetosomes Basic Properties of Magnetosomes Magnetotaxis and Magneto-aerotaxis Magnetosome Formation Biochemistry and Gene Expression Formation Procedure Cell Biology of Magnetosomes (Komeili 2007) Cultivation of Magnetotactic Bacteria Mass Cultivation of Magnetotactic Bacteria Continuous Cultivation of Magnetotactic Bacteria Characterization of Magnetosomes Biochemical Characterization Micro structure Characterization Magnetization Characterization Susceptibility Characterization Trajectory Characterization Biomedical Applications of Magnetosomes Applications of Magnetic Cells Applications of Isolated Magnetosome Particles Magnetic Nanowires and their Biomedical Applications Introduction Arrayed and Dispersed Nanowires Single-segment, Multi-segment and Multi-layer Nanowires Other Nanowire Structures Magnetism of Magnetic Nanowires Shape Anisotropy 219

5 6.2.2 Switching in Single-domain Particles (Sun et al. 2005) Magnetization Hysteresis Loops Multiple-segment Nanowires Template-based Synthesis of Magnetic Nanowires Fabrication of Nanoporous Templates Electrochemical Deposition Electroprecipitation Self-assembly of Nanowires Characterization of Magnetic Nanowires Electrical Properties Magnetization Properties Ferromagnetic Resonance Functionalization of Magnetic Nanowires Chemical Functionalization Biological Functionalization Assembly by Surface Chemistry Magnetic Nanowires in Suspension Responses of Magnetic Nanowires in Suspension Magnetic Trapping of Nanowires Self-assembled Magnetic Nanowire Arrays Electromagnetic Micromotor Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanowires Confinement of Magnetic Nanoparticles Biomolecular Manipulation Suspended Biosensing System (Ток et al. 2006) Gene Delivery Hybrid Devices 268 Magnetic Nanotubes and their Biomedical Applications Introduction Magnetism of Nanotubes Multifunctionality of Magnetic Nanotubes Inner and Outer Surfaces of Nanotubes Magnetic Encapsulated Nanotubes Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanotubes Single Element Magnetic Nanotubes Magnetic Oxide Nanotubes Alloyed Magnetic Nanotubes Doped Magnetic Nanotubes Hybrid Magnetic Nanotubes Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Nanotubes Bioseparation Cell Manipulation Drug and Gene Delivery Neuronal Applications Magnetic Force Microscope 323

6 ix 8 Magnetic Biosensors Introduction Biosensors and Magnetic Biosensors Magnetic Biosensing Schemes Magnetic Properties of a Magnetic Bead Typical Types of Magnetic Biosensors Sensor Sensitivity and Dynamic Range Magnetoresistance-based Sensors Giant Magnetoresistance Sensor Anisotropic Magnetoresistance Sensor Spin Valve Sensor Magnetic Tunnel Junction Sensor Hall Effect Sensors Silicon Hall Effect Sensor Planar Hall Effect Sensor Extraordinary Hall Effect Sensor Quantum Well Hall Effect Sensor Other Sensors Detecting Stray Magnetic Fields Giant Magnetoimpedance Sensor Frequency Mixing Method Superconducting Quantum Interference Detectors Sensors Detecting Magnetic Relaxations SQUID MRX Fluxgate MRX Sensors Detecting Ferrofluid Susceptibility Theoretical Background Slit Toroid Method Coil Methods PPMS Method Magnetic Biochips: Basic Principles Introduction Sensor Arrays and Integrated Biochips Manipulation of Вiomolecules Detection of В iomolecules Biochips Based on Giant Magnetoresistance Sensors Biochips Based on Spin Valve Sensors Biochips Based on Magnetic Tunnel Junctions Fully Integrated Biochips Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Biosensors and Biochips Introduction DNA Analysis Protein Analysis and Protein Biochips Virus Detection and Cell Analysis 435

7 10.5 Study of the Interactions Between Biomolecules Detection of Biological Warfare Agents Environmental Monitoring and Cleanup Outlook 449 Appendix Units for Magnetic Properties 455 Index 457

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