ASSESSMENT OF SOME PRIMING TECHNIQUES IN MUNGBEAN (VIGNA RADIATA) : A GREEN HOUSE STUDY

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1 Pkistn J. Agri. Rs. Vol. No., 0 ASSESSMEN OF SOME PRIMING ECHNIQUES IN MUNGBEAN (VIGNA RADIAA) : A GREEN HOUSE SUDY Adnn Umir*, Sfdr Ali**, Muhmmd Srwr***, Kshif Bshir**, Muhmmd Jvd rn**** nd Muhmmd Asghr Mlik***** ABSRAC:- Priming thniqu usd for hiving ttr rop stnd, in whih sds r prtilly hydrtd to point whr grmintion pross gin ut rdil mrgn dos not our. A pot xprimnt ws ondutd in grn hous. h sds wr invigortd y trditionl soking (hydropriming), osmo-onditioning using phosphorous (KHPO ; 00 mm nd 00 mm), mnnitol (0 nd 0 gl ), polythyln glyol (0 nd 0 gl ), sodium molydt dihydrt (0. nd 0. gl ) nd hormonl priming y sliyli id ( nd 0 ppm). Untrtd dry sds wr usd s ontrol. All th invigortion trtmnts signifintly improvd plnt vigor in trms of finl grmintion iomss, root, shoot lngth nd nutrint uptk of mungn sdlings omprd to ontrol (non-primd dry sdling). h pplition of sd priming lso improvd th protin onntrtion t th rly stg of sdlings. Phosphorous pplition through priming signifintly improvd grmintion up to 9%, sdling vigour inx up to.0 nd protin ontnt up to. (g FW). Ky Words: Vign rdit; Osmo-priming; Hydropriming; Grmintion; Emrgn; Protin Contnt; Sdling Vigour; Pkistn. INRODUCION Crop prodution is wily limitd y poor stnd stlishmnt nd nutrint fiinis (Jons nd Whi, 99). Prtiulrly in drought pron nvironmnt, th mrgn trnds r irrgulr nd n xtnd ovr long priods (Bougn t l., 000). Poor rop stlishmnt is oftn itd s mjor onstrint for mungn prodution nd high yilds hv n orrltd positivly with rly sdling vigor (Nsm t l., 99). Hlthy plnts with wll-vlopd root systm n mor fftivly moiliz limiting nutrints from th soil nd n ttr withstnd dvrs onditions. In sd priming, sds r prtilly hydrtd to llow mtoli vnts to our without tul grmintion, nd thn r-drid (nr to thir originl wight) to prmit routin hndling (Brdford, 98). Sd priming hs n found rlizl thnology to nhn rpid nd uniform mrgn, high vigor, nd ttr yilds for vgtl nd fild rops (Jnmohmmdi t l., 009; Rouhi t l., 0). Sd priming n omplishd through diffrnt * Soil nd Wtr Consrvtion Rsrh Sttion Sohw, Jhlum, Pkistn. ** Dprtmnt of Soil Sin nd Soil Wtr Consrvtion, PMAS-Arid Agriultur Univrsity, Rwlpindi, Pkistn. *** Ntionl Agriulturl Rsrh Cntr Islmd, Pkistn. **** Agriultur Rsrh Institut, Qutt, Pkistn. ***** Brni Agriulturl rining Institut, Dhgl, Rwlpindi, Pkistn Corrsponding uthor: dnnumir@gmil.om

2 ADNAN UMAIR E AL. mthods suh s hydro priming, osmopriming, solid mtrix priming nd using plnt growth rgultors (Hrris t l., 999). Mungn (Vign rdit L.) is n importnt puls rop ontriuting % to th totl puls prodution in Pkistn, grown on 8,000 h unr rinfd onditions (GoP, 0). Poor rop stlishmnt is mjor rstrint for mungn prodution (Rhminn t l., 000) nd high yilds n ssoitd with rly vigor (Hrris t l., 00). Any ttmpt to ovrom this prolm will ply vitl rol for inrsing mungn prodution spilly in rinfd rs. Skiy nd Yno (009) onlud tht sd P-nrihmnt n rdu rquirmnt of frtilizr P for susqunt prodution of wht shoots. his is du to n improvd sdling growth usd y inrsd sd P ontnt, nd n improvd P- uptk pity usd y inrsd root prodution with rltivly lss invstmnt of dry mttr, prtiulrly fin roots. h highr ontnts of phosphorous in th sds hlp to with stnd th P fiiny in soil, nd n nhn N-fixtion nd nodultion of lgum rop (Grndi t l., 999). h prsnt study intnd to vlut nd ompr th fft of diffrnt sd priming thniqus on grmintion, mrgn, protin onntrtion nd sdlings vigour nhnmnt for mungn unr grn hous onditions. MAERIALS AND MEHOD Sds of mungn ultivr Chkwl Mung-9 (CM-9) wr strilizd y using 0% sodium hypohlorit for min nd thn wshd thri with distilld wtr. For nutrint priming, sds wr sokd in rtd solution of phosphorous (@ 00 nd 00 mm) nd molynum (@ 0. nd 0. gl ) for fiv nd four hours, rsptivly. h sours for phosphorous nd molynum wr potssium dihydrogn phospht (KH PO ) nd sodium molydt (NMoO.HO), rsptivly. For osmopriming, sds wr sokd in rtd solutions of mnnitol 0 nd 0 gl ) nd polythyln glyol nd 0 gl ) for six nd four hours, rsptivly. For hormonl priming th sds wr sokd in rtd solution of sliyli id (C H nd 0 ppm) for out four hours. Aftr sd trtmnts, for vigour nlysis, th sds wr wshd thri with distilld wtr. Air drid soil ws pld in m tll plsti pots with m dimtr. h soil usd in th pot xprimnt ws sndy lom hving ph of.9, EC of 0. dsm, vill potsh nd phosphorous wr nd. ppm, rsptivly. n sds wr plntd in h pot nd thinnd to six plnts pr pot ftr omplt mrgn. Sm mount of wtr ws pplid t rgulr intrvls to ll pots. Exprimnt ws ono dutd in th grnhous t ± C nd 0-% rltiv humidity. h plnts wr hrvstd dys ftr sowing (DAS), nd lngth of sdlings root nd shoot wr msurd. h o sdlings wr drid t C for 8h nd th dry mttr ws finlly trmind. For rording of mrgn, finl grmintion prntg (FGP) nd mn grmintion tim (MG), ontrol nd trtd sds ( in h) wr sown in plsti trys hving

3 ASSESSMEN OF SOME PRIMING ECHNIQUES IN MUNGBEAN moist snd, rplitd thri nd wr pld in growth hmr in ompltly rndomizd sign (CRD). Emrgn ws rord dily ording to th mthod of AOSA (990). Mn mrgn tim (ME) ws lultd ording to th qution of Ellis nd Rorts (98) s unr: ME = Dn / n whr, n = numr of sds, whih mrgd on dy D (D = numr of dys ountd from th ginning of mrgn). h tim to rh 0% mrgn (E 0) ws lultd ording to th following formul (Coolr t l., 98) nd modifid y Frooq t l. (00): E = ti + (N/ ni) (tj ti) / nj ni 0 whr N = finl numr of mrgn (ni, nj = umultiv numr of sds mrgd y djnt ounts t tims ti nd tj whn ni < N/ < nj. h plnts wr hrvstd 0 dys ftr plnting nd sdling vigour dt wr rord ording to th sdling vlution (AOSA, 990). Sdling lngth nd sdling dry wight wr msurd ftr th 0 dys. Vigor inx ws lultd ording to th following formul: Sdlings vigor inx = [sdling dry wight (g) grmintion prntg] Phosphorous nd nitrogn onntrtion ws msurd ording to th mthod srid y Anrson nd Ingrm (99), using UV00 sptrophotomtr. Nutrint uptk y th sdling ws lultd y multiplying th rsptiv nutrint onntrtion with th totl iomss nd xprssd s mg plnt. Nutrint uptk = Nutrint onntrtion otl dry mttr For protin xtrtion svn dys old sdlings wr rndomly olltd from h trtmnt nd ontrol sprtly nd stimtd y mthod of Brdford (9). Sttistil Anlysis h dt olltd for vrious hrtristis wr sujtd to Anlysis of Vrin in MSA-C softwr (MSAC, Est Lnsing, Mih) nd th mns otind wr omprd y Dunn Multipl Rng st (DMR) t % lvl of signifin (Stl t l., 99). RESULS AND DISCUSSION Sdling Vigour h rsults showd tht diffrnt sd priming trtmnts hd signifint (p<0.0) fft on mn mrgn tim in dys (ME), tim to 0% sds to mrgn in dys (E ) nd 0 finl grmintion prntg (FGP). All th priming trtmnts rsd th ME nd E omprd to ontrol. 0 Mximum mn mrgn tim (. dys) ws osrvd in ontrol whr untrtd dry sds wr sown. Minimum ME (. dys), E 0 (. dys) nd mximum finl grmintion (9 %) ws osrvd in (KH 00 mm). h pplition of P s sd trtmnt rsultd in inrsd sdling vigour. hs rsults r in lin with th findings of Grndi t l. (999) who lso found tht P nrihmnt y

4 ADNAN UMAIR E AL. soking sds in 00 mm KH PO solution improvd th sdlings stlishmnt. Similrly, th inrs in sdling vigour du to sliyli id my du to nhn oxygn uptk nd th ffiiny of moilizing nutrints from th otyldons to th mryoni xis (Kthirsn t l., 98) nd rsd tls nd proxids lvls s rord in p (Pisum stivum) sdlings (Srivstv nd Dwivdi, 998). It is lso rportd tht rly mrgn in trtd sd my du to th fstr prodution of grmintion mtolits (L nd Kim, 000; Bsr t l., 00), ttr gnti rpir, i.. rlir nd fstr synthsis of DNA, RNA nd protins (Bry t l., 989) or th rkdown of dormny nd th sd iohmil prosss outst, whih ld to fstr grmintion nd mrgn (Bsr t l., 00). Curtild mrgn tim, lowrd E 0 nd ME (l ) pprd to linkd to th ffiint moiliztion nd utiliztion of sd rsrvs (L nd Kim, 000; Bsr t l., 00), thry lding to rlir ommnmnt of grmintion vnts (L t l., 998). Rouhi t l. (0) onlud tht ll th improvd trits rlting to grmintion nd improvd finl grmintion wr du to sd priming. Shoot nd Root Lngth h dt pits tht sd priming hd signifint impt on th root s wll s shoot lngth of sdlings (l ). All th priming trtmnts signifintly inrsd th root s l. Mn mrgn tim (ME), tim to 0% sd to grmint (E ), finl 0 grmintion prntg (FGP) nd sdling vigour inx (SVI) of mung n rtmnt ME (dys) E 0 (dys) FGP (%) SVI 8 9 LSD d d d d d d d d d f d d f g f g = Control; = Hydropriming; = 0. gl ; = 0. gl ; = 00 mm; = 00 mm; = ppm; 8 = 0 ppm; 9 = 0 gl ; = 0 gl ; = 0 gl ; = 0 gl- Mns followd y sm lttr do not diffr signifintly ording to DMR t P < 0.0. d d d d 8

5 ASSESSMEN OF SOME PRIMING ECHNIQUES IN MUNGBEAN wll s shoot lngth of sdlings s omprd to ontrol. h dt rvld tht 00 mm) nd 9 0 gl ) gv th st rsults. h lowst root lngth (. m) ws osrvd in ontrol. h highst shoot lngth ws hivd from th sds whih wr phosphorous nrihd ( ). hr ws n inrs of % in shoot lngth osrvd in omprd to ontrol. h dt pits tht th lowst shoot lngth ws ttind in ontrol followd y (l ). h inrs in root/shoot rtio with priming trtmnts my du to tht, priming indud nulr rplition in root tips of frsh sdlings. hs osrvtions r in onformity with rlir work on ll pppr (Cpsium nnuum) sds (Stofll t l., 99). Zhng t l. (00) rportd rlir nd uniform mrgn in ri (Oryz stiv) sds osmoprimd with KCl nd CCl nd mixd slts unr flood onditions. Howvr Nsimnto nd Wst (999) rportd rly grmintion of primd sds ut not rord ny improvmnt in th growth of sdlings in muskmlon (Cuumis mlo) sds unr lortory onditions. Confounding rsults, whr priming did not show ny nfiil rsults, lso rportd y diffrnt rsrh workrs (Mwl t l., 00; Giri nd Shillingr, 00). h inrsd vigour in P- nrihd sd might du to inrsd P ontnt oth insi th sds nd on th sd surfs whih lds to ttr stlishmnt of sdlings (Bollnd nd Bkr, 988; l. Root/shoot lngth nd frsh/dry wight of mung n sdlings rtmnt Root lngth (m) Shoot lngth (m) Frsh wt. plnt (mg) Dry wt. plnt (mg) 8 9 LSD f f f f d f d d d d = Control; = Hydropriming; = 0. gl ; = 0. gl ; = 00 mm; = 00 mm; = ppm; 8 = 0 ppm; 9 = 0 gl ; = 0 gl ; = 0 gl ; = 0 gl Mns followd y sm lttr do not diffr signifintly ording to DMR t P <

6 ADNAN UMAIR E AL. homson nd Bolgr, 99). Biomss of Sdlings hr ws signifint (p<0.0) fft of diffrnt sd priming thniqus on frsh nd dry wight of dy's old sdlings (l ). h mximum frsh nd dry wight ws otind in (KH 00 mm). All th priming trtmnts inrsd th frsh nd dry wight of th sdlings xpt nd. hs rsults r in grmnt with thos of Pill nd Nkr (00) who rportd tht primd omprd to non-primd plnts rsultd in grtr shoot dry wights. Improvd iologil yild s rsult of sd priming might du to rlir nd uniform mrgn s onlud y Hussin t l. (00). h primingrltd inrs in th iomss of mungn might du to omintion of ttr mrgn nd ttr prformn pr plnt (Prr nd Cntliff, 99); howvr Shh t l. (0) found not only signifint inrs in iomss du to nutrint priming unr grn hous ondition ut improvd frsh nd dry wight osrvd in fild study. Nutrint Uptk nd Protin Contnt hr ws signifint fft of diffrnt sd priming thniqus on nutrint uptk nd protin onntrtion in mung n sdlings. hr ws signifint inrs in N nd P- uptk osrvd du to sd priming trtmnts s omprd to ontrol, whr non sokd dry sds wr l. Nutrint uptk nd protin ontnts of mungn sdlings rtmnt N-uptk P-uptk Protin (mg plnt ) (mg plnt ) (g FW) 8 9 LSD fg f d g = Control; = Hydropriming; = 0. gl ; = 0. gl ; = 00 mm; = 00 mm; = ppm; 8 = 0 ppm; 9 = 0 gl ; = 0 gl ; = 0 gl ; = 0 gl Mns followd y sm lttr do not diffr signifintly ording to DMR t P <

7 ASSESSMEN OF SOME PRIMING ECHNIQUES IN MUNGBEAN plntd (l ). h dt rvld tht mximum N-uptk (.8 mg plnt ) ws osrvd in 0 gl ) followd y 00 mm). h dt lso rvld tht sd priming lso improvd th P-uptk in th mungn sdlings s omprd to ontrol. Mximum P-uptk hs n osrvd in (KH 00 mm) followd y, omprd to ontrol. h nutrint priming using KH 00 mm signifintly inrsd th N nd P ontnt of mungn sdlings. h nhnd vigour nd rly grmintion of primd plnts my hv ld to mor nutrint uptk s omprd to nonprimd plnts. Nutrint priming hs n found mor onomil nd onvnint s omprd to soil pplition in low frtil soils (Slton t l., 00). Zhng t l. (998) onlud tht soking sds in P solutions for sowing inrsd th P nutrition of ri during rly growth. hr hs lso n rportd nhnd P ontnt up to 00 mg (kg sds) soking in 00 mm P solution. Whil som prvious studis lso showd tht nutrint nrihmnt y priming in mronutrint solutions hd littl or vn ngtiv fft on ltr plnt growth (Sott, 989; Ros t l., 000). Shh t l. (0) onlud tht th pplition of low rt of nutrint to sds inrsd thir onntrtion nd ould fftiv in rdution of frtilizr dos nd ost. All th sd priming trtmnts improvd th protin ontnts in th mungn sdlings (l ). Hykr nd Coolr (9) rportd tht hydrtion of sds during priming nhnd th mryos' ility to synthsiz protin nd RNA, rsulting in rlir grmintion vn unr unfvourl nvironmnts. Gllrdo t l. (00) lso found tht sd priming improvd th protin ontnts in Aridopsis thlin sd during grmintion. h prsnt study strongly support tht sd priming nhns th sdling vigour of mungn du to improvd protin ontnts. Nutrint priming using phosphorous (KH 00 mm) nd osmopriming with mnnitol (@ 0 gl ) provd to th most pproprit priming trtmnts. h pplition of PEG in 000 osmopriming ould not improv th sdling vigour s omprd to othr sd priming trtmnts usd in this study. Frmr n sily dopt this ost fftiv thnology y soking sds in dilutd solution of ny phosphorous slt/frtilizr. ACKNOWLEDGEMENS his study ws m possil through th finnil support of Highr Edution Commission (HEC) of Pkistn unr th hd, Indignous 000-fllowship progrmm. LIERAURE CIED Anrson, J. M., nd J. S. I. Ingrm. 99. ropil soil iology nd frtility. A hnd ook of mthods, nd dn. CAB. Intrntionl, Wllingford, U.K. p.0-; p.8-8. Assoition of Offiil Sd Anlysis (AOSA) 990. Ruls for tsting sds, J. Sd h. :. Bsr, S. M. A., M. Frooq, nd R. ssum. 00. Physiologil nd iohmil spts of sd vigor nhnmnt trtmnts in fin ri Oryz stiv L. Sd Si. nd h. : - 8.

8 ADNAN UMAIR E AL. Bsr, S. M. A., M. Frooq, R. ssum, nd N. Ahmd. 00. Evlution of sd vigour nhnmnt thniqus on physiologil nd iohmil sis in ors ri, Oryz stiv L. Sd Si. nd h. : -0. Bollnd, M. D. A., nd M. J. Bkr High phosphorus onntrtions in sd of wht nd nnul mdi r rltd to highr rts of dry mttr prodution of sdlings nd plnts. Aus. J. Exptl. Agri. 8: -0. Bougn, S., C. Jo, nd D. Jo Sugrt sd priming: Soluliztion of th si suunit of - S gloulin in individul sds. Sd Si. Rs. :. Brdford, K.J. 98. Mnipultion of sd wtr rltions vi osmoti priming to improv grmintion unr strss onditions. Hort. Si. :. Brdford, M. M. 9. A rpid nd snsitiv mthod for th quntifition of mirogrm quntitis of protin utilizing th prinipl of protin-dy inding. Ann. Biohm. : 8-. Bry, C.M., P.A. Dvison, M. Ashrf, nd R.M. ylor Biohmil hngs during osmopriming of lk sds. Ann. Bot. : 89. Coolr, P., A. Frnis, nd D. Grirson. 98. h fft of low tmprtur pr-sowing trtmnt unr th grmintion prformn nd mmrn intgrity of rtifiilly gd tomto sds. J. Exp. Bot. : 09. Ellis, R. A. nd E.H. Rorts. 98. h quntifition of ging nd survivl in orthodox sds. Sd Si. nd h. 9: -09 Frooq, M., S.M.A. Bsr, K. Hfz, nd N. Ahmd. 00. hrml hrning: A nw sd vigor nhnmnt tool in ri. J. Intg. Pl. Biol. : 89. Gllrdo, K., C. Jo, P.C.G. Stvn M. P u y p, H. D m o l, J. I. Vnkrkhov, nd D. Jo. 00. Protomi nlysis of ridopsis sd grmintion nd priming. Pl. Physiol., : Giri, G.S. nd W.F. Shillingr. 00. Sd priming wintr wht for grmintion, mrgn nd yild. Crop Si. : -. GoP. 0. Eonomi Survy, Eonomi Affirs Division, Govt. of Pkistn., Islmd. Grndi,. M., G.J. Mrinho, D.A. Lops, nd A.P. Arujo Efft of sd phosphorous onntrtion on nodultion nd growth of thr ommon n ultivrs. J. Pl. Nut. : 99-. Hrris, D., Brs, W. A. nd. R. Kumr J. V. D. K. 00. h improvmnt of rop yild in mrginl nvironmnts using on frm sd priming: Nodultion, nitrogn fixtion, nd diss rsistn. Aus. J. Agri. Rs. : 8. Hrris, D., A. Joshi, P.A. Khn, P. Gothkr, nd P.S. Sodhi On-frm sd priming in smirid griultur: Dvlopmnt nd vlution in miz, ri nd hikp in Indi using prtiiptory mthods. Exptl. Agri. : 9. Hykr, W. nd P. Coolr. 9. Sd trtmnts for improvd prformn-survy nd ttmptd prognosis. Sd Si. nd h. : -.

9 ASSESSMEN OF SOME PRIMING ECHNIQUES IN MUNGBEAN Hussin, M., M. Frooq, S.M.A. Bsr, nd N. Ahmd. 00. Influn of sd priming thniqus on th sdling stlishmnt, yild nd qulity of hyrid sunflowr. Int. J. Agri. nd Biol. 8:8. Jnmohmmdi, M., P.D. Mordi, P. Dzfuli, F. Shrifzh Sd invigourtion thniqus to improv grmintion nd rly growth of inrd lins of miz unr slinity nd drought strss. Gn. App. Pl. Physiol. (): -. Jons, M.J., nd A. Whi. 99. Sit-ftor influn on rly rspons to frtilizr in on-frm trils in northrn Syri: Dsriptiv nd prditiv mols. Exptl. Agri. 8(): -8. Kthirsn, K., V. Klyni, nd J.L. Gnnrthium. 98. Efft of sd trtmnts on fild mrgn, rly growth nd som physiologil prosss of sunflowr Hlinthus nnus L. Fild Crops Rs. 9: -9. L, S. S. nd J.H. Kim otl sugrs, myls tivity nd grmintion ftr priming of norml nd gd ri sds. Kor. J. Crop Si. : 8. L, S.S., J.H. Kim, S.B. Hong, nd S.H. Yun Efft of humidifition nd hrning trtmnt on sd grmintion of ri. Kor. J. Crop Si. : 0. Mwl, S., S. Hmusimi, nd K. Mwns. 00. Grmintion, mrgn nd growth of sunflowr Hlinthus nnus L. in rspons to osmoti sd prim-ing. Sd Si. nd h. : Nsimnto, W. M., nd S.H. Wst Muskmlon trnsplnt prodution in rspons to sd priming. Hort. h. 9: -. Nsm, S., B. Khn, A.H. Islm, M.U. Mollh, nd M.A. Ali. 99. Efft of sding mthods nd vrying surf soil moistur on th stnd stlishmnt of mung n Vign rdit L. Bn. J. Si. nd Ind. Rs. : 9-0. Prr, C. A., nd D.J. Cntliff. 99. Pr-sowing sd priming. Hort. Rv. : 9. Pill, W.G., nd A.D. Nkr. 00. h ffts of sd trtmnts on grmintion nd stlishmnt of Kntuky lugrss Po prtnsis L. Sd Si. nd h. 9: -. Rhminn, A.A.,. Adisrwnto, G. Kirhhof, nd H.B. So Crop stlishmnt of lgums in rinfd lowlnd ri-sd ropping systm. Soil ill. Rs. : - 8. Ros, C., R.W. Bll nd P.F. Whit Phosphorus sd oting nd soking for improving sdling growth of Oryz stiv ri v. IR, Sd Si. nd h. 8: 9-0. Rouhi H. R., A.S. Asi, F. Shrif- Zh, R.A. vkkol, M.A. Aoutlin, G. Ahmd vnd. 0. Study of diffrnt priming trtmnts on grmintion trits of soyn sd lots. Not. Si. Biol. : 8. Sott, J.M Sd otings nd trtmnts nd thir ffts on plnt stlishmnt. Adv. in Agron. : -8. Shh, H.,. Jlwt, M. Arif, nd G. Mirj. 0. Sd priming improvs rly sdling growth nd nutrint uptk in mungn. J. Pl. Nutr. :80-8. Skiy N., nd K. Yno Sd P- nrihmnt s n fftiv P su-

10 ADNAN UMAIR E AL. pply to wht. Plnt nd Soil. : -. Slton, N. A., Jr. C. R. Wilson, S. Ntntngiro, J. R. Normn, nd L. D. Booth. 00. Evlution of Zn sd trtmnts for ri. Agron. J. 9:. Srivstv, M. K., nd U.N. Dwivdi Sliyli id modults glutthion mtolism in p sdlings. J. Pl. Physiol. : Stl, R.G.D., J.H. orri, nd D.A. Diky, 99. Prinipls nd produrs of sttistis: A iomtril pproh, rd dn. MGrw Hill Book Co. In. Singpor. p. Stofll, P.J., D.P. Lipui, A. Prdossi, nd F. ognoni, 99. Sdling root morphology nd shoot growth ftr sd priming or pr-grmintion of ll pppr. Hort. Si., : -. homson, C. J., nd.p. Bolgr. 99. Effts of sd phosphorus onntrtion on th mrgn nd growth of sutrrnn lovr rifolium sutrrnum. Pl. nd Soil. /: Zhng, M., M. Nyorg, nd W.B. Mgill Phosphorous imid y rly sds: Lotion within th sd nd ssimiltion y th sdlings. Sd Si. nd h. : -. Zhng, G. H., R.W. Wiln, A.E. Slinkrd, nd L.V. Gust, 00. Enhnmnt of nol sd grmintion nd sdling mrgn t low tmprtur y priming, Crop Si. : 899.