Science Final Study Guide

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Name:!!!!!! Date: Our Ladyʼs Catholic Academy!!!!!! Grade 4 The Cells in Living Things Science Final Study Guide Living things share certain characteristics.

1 Name:!!!!!! Date: Our Ladyʼs Catholic Academy!!!!!! Grade 4 The Cells in Living Things Science Final Study Guide Living things share certain characteristics. All living things are organized in form, maintain internal stability in changing environments, grow and develop, reproduce, take in energy, adapt to their environment, and respond to stimuli. - Explain how all living things are alike. - Describe the characteristics of an organism. - Explain how living things get their energy. - Explain why it is important that living things reproduce. - Identify and compare the parts of plant and animal cells. - Compare one-celled organisms. - Describe how cells in a many-celled organism work in groups. - Name at least one example of a tissue, organ, and organ system. - Explain whether or not a virus is a living thing. All living things are made up of building blocks called cells. Most living things share the same characteristics-oxygen. they all need food, water, a place to live, and Most living things use oxygen to turn food into energy. An organism is a living thing that can carry out the five basic life function on its own. Organisms that can not be seen by the naked eyee are called microorganisms. Protists, bacteria, and fungi are microorganisms. Although they have some similarities, plant and animal cells are not made up of the same parts. Plant cell parts- mitochondrion, chloroplast, nucleus, chromosomes, vacuole, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and cell wall. Animal cell parts- mitochondrion, nucleus, chromosomes, vacuole, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. A plant cell has a cell wall, causing the cell to have a box-like shape. Plant cells also have chloroplasts (which gives the cell a green coloring), and larger vacuoles than animal cells. All animals and plants are multi-celled organisms. Cells work together in groups called tissues. A group of tissues that work together and do a certain jobs are called organs. Organ systems are made of groups of organs that work together to carry out a life function. Tissues --> Organs --> Organ Systems Viruses are not living because they do not carry out the five basic life functions. parts of a cell cell wall mitochondrion chloroplast nucleus chromosomes vacuole cell membrane cytoplasm

- Name the groups a kingdom is divided into. names to them. This system assigns a - Read and interpret charts that show how groups are organized.

2 Classifying Organisms - Read and interpret charts that compare and contrast the Biologist Carolus Linnaeus developed kingdoms of organisms. a system for classifying plants and - Identify the six kingdoms of living things. animals and assigning scientific - Describe how the six kingdoms are alike and different. - Name the groups a kingdom is divided into. names to them. This system assigns a - Read and interpret charts that show how groups are organized. two-word Latin name to each - Explain how a scientist names an organism. organism. - Explain the importance of classifying and describing organisms. - Explain how the extinction of one organism might affect others. Classifying organisms helps people to learn about living things. Organisms are classified by their characteristics: Number of cells? Nucleus? How does it get its food? Can it move from place to place? Organisms are divided into large classifiication groups called kingdoms. Organisms in each kingdom share basic traits. Organisms can be divided into seven groups, which range from general to specific: Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species An organismsʼ scientific name includes its genus and species name. Ex: A lionʼs scientific name is Panthera leo. A lion and other cats share the same genus (Panthera) but only lions are apart of the species leo. Therefore only lions have the name Panthera leo. There are believed to be 5-15 million species yet to be classified. Many of these species live in tropical rain forests, which are being cleared every minute resulting in the possible extinction of both classified and unclassified species. Organisms of the Past - Explain how skeletonss are used to compare organisms. - Explain why certain living things change over a long period of Evolution is change in living things over time. time. The remains of organisms, such as - Explain how studying rock layers tells scientists about a fossilʼs bones, are often found buried in the age. ground. The remains tell us a lot about - Describe what bones of different animals can tell scientists. the organisms that lived in the past. - Explain how scientistss are able to tell if organisms are related. - Give examples of how people contribute to extinction. - Provide possible causes for the extinction of the dinosaurs. Fossils tell us a lot about organisms in the past and help us learn about the present as well. By using fossils, scientists have been able to trace the evolution and relationships of many organisms. You can tell a fossilʼs age by studying rock layers. Fossils found in the same rock layer lived about the same time. The deeper the layer, the older the fossil while younger fossils are found in upper rock layers. It is believed that 99/100 of the species on Earth have gone extinct. Humans can play a role in extinction of a species and in the prevention of extinction.

3 Organisms and Where They Live - Explain how all living and nonliving pats of an environment interact. - Describe how the living organisms interact with each other and nonliving Living and nonliving things parts of an environment. interact in their environment. - Compare different kind of ecosystems. There are numerous kinds of - Identify the ecosystem in which you live in and describe its features. ecosystems found on Earth. - Explain the roles played by producers, consumers, and decomposers. Each ecosystem has unique - Identify at least two examples of producers, consumers, and decomposers. features. - Trace the path of energy in food chains and food webs. - Describe the advantages and disadvantages of an organism being part of a food web. Living and nonliving things depend on one another in an ecosystem. There are many different types of ecosystems. The variety of ecosystems is caused by the differences in climate. The study of how living and nonliving things interact is called ecology. Within each ecosystem there is a community of living things. A group of the same organism within a community is a population. The home of that organism is called a habitat. Within a community, each member has a role (producers, consumers, and decomposers). Together, the members of the community work as a team. A food chain is the steps in which organisms get their food. A food web consists of overlapping food webs within an ecosystem. Changes in Ecosystems There are several things that can cause changes in ecosystems. Changes can be natural or caused by man. Humans can both cause harm to and help ecosystems. - Identify and name factors that change ecosystems. - Classify causes as natural events or man-made. - Describe the cause and effect relationship of changes in ecosystems. - Describe ways people can fight pollution. Organisms need many resources in order to survive within an ecosystem. Some resources are renewable, while others are not. Once certain resources are used up, there will be no more of that particular resource. Natural changes in an ecosystem include volcanoes, hurricanes, rain, drought, living things, disease. volcanoes- ash and lava kill nearby plants and animals hurricanes/rain- excessive rains can cause landslides and floors, destroying coastal areas droughts- long periods without rain result in no healthy water source for plants and animals living things- locusts eat all the plants which leaves no source of food for animals disease- infected organismʼs population would decrease or die out, effecting the populations within that organismʼs food chain/web Humans cause changes to an ecosystem. Some examples are deforestation, overhunting, and pollution deforestation- when we clear out large areas of trees we cause many forest animals to lose their habitats pollution- animals, plants, and people get sick or die from polluted air and water overhunting- too much hunting can cause a population of animals to greatly decrease or die out, causing the food chain/web to be interrupted as well People can help fight pollution and other human-caused changes to the environment.

Plants Plants are made up of different parts. Each part plays a role in helping a plant get or make what it needs to survive. The parts work together as a system.

- Identify the parts of a plant and flower - Explain the role of each plant part and its function - Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration - Explain why photosynthesis take place during

4 Plants Plants are made up of different parts. Each part plays a role in helping a plant get or make what it needs to survive. The parts work together as a system. All plants need water, air, food and a place to live in order to survive. - Identify the parts of a plant and flower - Explain the role of each plant part and its function - Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration - Explain why photosynthesis take place during daylight - Explain the adaptations plants have the enable them to survive in specific ecosystems. - List three ways and explain how seeds are dispersed. The major parts of a plant include the flower, stem, leaves, and roots. The roots absorb water from the soil, anchor the plant in place, and stores food. There are two types of roots: taproot and fibrous. A plantʼs stem carries water, minerals, and other nutrients to and from the roots and leaves. There are two types of stems: soft and woody. A plant can not live without its leaves. The leaves are the main food-making parts of the plant. The food-making process is called photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, plant leaves use the energy from sunlight to make food from water and carbon dioxide. In respiration, oxygen is used to break down sugars and give off carbon dioxide. Respiration releases energy, which is the opposite effect of photosynthesis. A seed is an undeveloped plant In most plants, seeds are formed in the flower through the processes of pollination and fertilization. The protective covering of a seed is known as a seed coat, which stores its food. The plant uses this food as it begins to grow. 1. Roots push through the seed coat. 2. A stem and leaf then begins to grow. The process of a seed sprouting into a new plant is called germination. Seeds are dispersed through many ways. Plants that do not have flowers use spores to grow into new plants. Plants have certain characteristics that help them live in a particular environment. Example: evergreen plants have needle-shaped leaves that help them help reduce water loss allowing them to survive in cool, dry environments.

Animals Animals have many characteristics, including being able to move and eat. Animals can be divided into two large groups: vertebrates and invertebrates.

- Compare and contrast characteristics of vertebrates and invertebrates. - Describe ways animals change as they grow. - Explain each stage of the life process of a butterfly.

5 Animals Animals have many characteristics, including being able to move and eat. Animals can be divided into two large groups: vertebrates and invertebrates. Animals develop and reproduce in many different ways.physical adaptations help animals survive. - Compare and contrast the characteristics of animals. - Compare and contrast characteristics of vertebrates and invertebrates. - Describe ways animals change as they grow. - Explain each stage of the life process of a butterfly. - Distinguish between a dog's inherited and learned behaviors. All animals are made of many cells, move in some way, grow and change, and eat food. An animal with a backbone is called a vertebrate. All vertebrates are apart of the chordate phylum and further divided into seven classes: jawless fish, cartilaginous fish, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals An animal without a backbone is called an invertebrate. Each group of invertebrates is called a phylum. There are 8 invertebrate phyla: mollusks, sponges, cnidarians, echinoderms, flatworms, roundworms, segmented worms, arthropods Metamorphosis is a change in body form. Insects and butterflies go through a complete metamorphosis. Life cycles are the stages of growth and change that an organism goes through. Humans go through a life cycle. The life span of an animal tells you how long it can be expected to live. Inherited behaviors are behaviors that are not learned. For example, a reflex like salivating or eye-blinking is an inherited behavior. Learned behaviors are behaviors that are not inborn. Animals learn through experiences and change their behaviors. Some examples are learning to ignore, copying, learning from experience (a dog learns a trick after many trials)

Rocks Rocks can be formed in many ways - Explain how the three major rock types are formed. and can tell much about Earthʼs past.

Sedimentary rocks are from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed by pressure, heat, or both.

- Explain why is it summer in the northern part of the world when it is winter in the southern part. - Predict what would happen to the seasons if the Earthʼs axis were not tilted.

6 Rocks Rocks can be formed in many ways - Explain how the three major rock types are formed. and can tell much about Earthʼs past. Rocks can be classifies into three main groups based on how they are formed: Igneous rocks are formed from hot, molten rock either above or below the Earthʼs surface. Sedimentary rocks are from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms. Metamorphic rocks are rocks that have been changed by pressure, heat, or both. Earth, the Moon, and the Sun The Earth moves around the Sun, and the Moon moves around Earth. Earthʼs rotation causes the changes in seasons as well as day and night. - Explain why is it summer in the northern part of the world when it is winter in the southern part. - Predict what would happen to the seasons if the Earthʼs axis were not tilted. Earth moves around the Sun. As Earth moves around the Sun, it also spins or rotates. It is Earth's rotation that causess day and night. One complete rotation of the Earth takes 24 hours, or one day. The imaginary line drawn from the North Pole to the South Pole is Earth's axis. An axis is a real or imaginary line that a spinning object turns around. As Earth rotates, it turns about its axis Summer occurs when Earth's axis is tilted toward the Sun's rays. This increases the amount of energy absorbed in this area. There are more daylight hours. Winter occurs when Earth's axis is tilted away from the Sun's rays. This reduces the amount of energy absorbed. Days become shorter.

Water exists in three states-- solid, liquid, and - Describe the difference between evaporation and gas. All the water that was present when Earth condensation. bean is still around today!

7 Water - Identify where water can be found on Earth. All living things need water. Water can be found in - Explain how heart energy plays a role in how water changes many different places on Earth in various forms. its state. Water exists in three states-- solid, liquid, and - Describe the difference between evaporation and gas. All the water that was present when Earth condensation. bean is still around today! - Explain how it is possible that the same water used by dinosaurs is still around today 97/100 of all Earthʼs water is found in large bodies of water, such as oceans and seas. 2/100 of the total water on Earth comes from melting glaciers and ice caps. Only 1/100 of Earthʼs water is from freshwater sources, groundwater, plants, animals, and the atmosphere. Water found in the Earthʼs atmosphere is in a gaseous state called water vapor. Heat energy is a major factor in how and why water changes its state. When water particles change form a liquid to a gas, or water vapor, the particles are going through the process of evaporation. Condensation occurs when the water particles change from a gas to a liquid, after losing heat energy. When water falls from the atmosphere to Earthʼs surface, it is called precipitation. Forms of precipitation fall depending on the temperature: Rain, snow, hail, sleet are forms of precipitation The never-ending movement of Earthʼs water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation is called the water cycle. Matter Everything that takes up space and has mass - Name some properties of matter. is matter. All substances can be described and - Identify the three forms of matter, and give examples of each. classified by their properties. Matter comes in - Explain how matter is measured. three states: solid, liquid, and gas. Matter can - Explain the difference between mass and volume. be measured using standard units of measure. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Mass is the amount of matter making up an object and is measured in kilograms using a balance. Different types of matter have different properties. Matter can exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Matter can be described by three measurements: length, area, and volume. Length tells the number of units that fit along one edge of an object. In the Metric system, length is based on the meter. In the English system, length is based on the yard. Area tells the number of unit squares that cover a surface. Volume tells how much space an object takes up. When measuring liquid volume using the metric system, it is measured in units called liters. Matter can also be measured by weight Weight is the measure of the pull of gravity between an object and Earth. Weight is measured using a scale based on the newton in the metric system. Density is the amount of matter in a given space and the mass in a given unit of volume.

Motion, Force, and Energy - Explain how speed and motion are related. Objects move when they change their - Compare and contrast friction and inertia. position.

- Explain the difference between kinetic and potential direction. Energy is needed to apply a force energy. to an object to make it move.

8 Motion, Force, and Energy - Explain how speed and motion are related. Objects move when they change their - Compare and contrast friction and inertia. position. Forces make objects start moving, - Explain how weight is related to gravity. stop moving, seed up, slow down, or change - Tell how force is related to work. - Explain the difference between kinetic and potential direction. Energy is needed to apply a force energy. to an object to make it move. - Identify different forms of energy and give examples of each. All objects have a position. You can tell something has moved when its position has changed. When describing the position of something, it is compared to objects that appear to not be moving, called a frame of reference. All moving objects have speed, which is the distance an object moves in a certain amount of time. To calculate speed, divide the distance traveled by the time spent moving Any change in the speed or direction is called acceleration. Forces control the movement of objects. Friction is a form of force that works against motion, causing it to slow down and eventually stop moving. If no force is applied to an object at rest, an object will not start to move. If no force is applied to a moving object, the object will continue to move. This property of matter is called inertia. Gravity pulls two objects together. The force of the gravity depends on the how much matter is in the objects, and how close the objects are to one another. Work is done when a force is used to move an object a certain distance. To do work, a force needs to push or pull on an object, and that object needs to move. Energy is the ability to do work and is what makes motion and change possible. Kinetic energy is moving energy. Potential energy is stored energy, waiting to be used. There are different forms of energy. Some include: chemical, electrical, light, mechanical, thermal, and nuclear energy.

9 Electricity A buildup of electrical charge causes static electricity. Electricity needs a complete path along which to travel. Electricity flows easily through conductors but will not go through insulators. - Name the two types of electrical charges in atoms. - Identify materials that electricity can easily discharge into. - Explain closed and open circuits. - Tell what would happen if too much electricity flows through a circuit. - Identify two different types of circuits. - Explain how a fuse can protect circuits within homes. Tiny particles called atoms make up all matter. Inside atoms are even smaller particles which have either a negative or positive charge. When atoms pick up electrical charges from other atoms, their atoms become charged. Opposite charges attract. Similar charges repel. The buildup of electrical material is called static electricity. The sudden movement of an electrical charge from the object where it built up onto another nearby object is called discharge. The path that electricity can move through is called a circuit. Electricity that flows through a circuit is called current electricity. In a closed circuit, current electricity can flow through the entire path. An open circuit is an incomplete path which electricity is unable to pass through. A short circuit is caused when too much current flows through a conductor and is very dangerous. Circuit paths can be set up in different ways. The arrangement of two objects connected in a single path is called a series circuit. In this circuit, electricity can only flow in one direction. When a part is removed from this arrangement, the entire circuit will not work. A parallel circuit connects teach of two objects to a cell separately. This arrangement allows electricity to flow through two paths. When one bulb is removed, the other bulb can still remain lit. A fuse is used to keep too much electrical currents from flowing through wires. Circuit breakers can also be used to protect circuits within a home.

TUNKHANNOCK AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT SCIENCE CURRIULUM GRADE 2

TUNKHANNOCK AREA SCHOOL DISTRICT SCIENCE CURRIULUM GRADE 2 Chapter 4 (How Living Things Grow and Change) 3.1.2.C.2. Explain that living things can only survive if their needs are being met. 3.1.2.A.3.