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1 Life Science Written by Pamela Jennett Editor: Collene Dobelmann Illustrator: Darcy Tom Designer/Production: Moonhee Pak/Andrea Ables Cover Designer: Barbara Peterson Art Director: Tom Cochrane Project Director: Carolea Williams 2004 Creative Teaching Press, Inc., Huntington Beach, CA Reproduction of activities in any manner for use in the classroom and not for commercial sale is permissible. Reproduction of these materials for an entire school or for a school system is strictly prohibited.

2 Table of Contents Introduction Introduction to Life Science Life Processes The Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle The Five Kingdoms Classification of Living Things Plant or Animal? Kingdom Monera The Structure of Bacteria Bacterial Shapes Classifications of Bacteria Kingdom Protista What It Takes to Be a Protistan The Paramecium Moving Like an Amoeba Red, Brown, and Green Algae Conifer Needles, Scales, and Cones Life Cycle of a Conifer The Angiosperms Monocots and Dicots Flowering Plant Parts Root Systems Inside a Root Underground Stems Stems Above Ground Woody or Herbaceous Stems Really Big Stems A Look on the Inside As a Tree Grows Looking at Leaves Characteristics of Leaves, Part One Characteristics of Leaves, Part Two A Closer Look Seed-Producing Parts of a Flower The Process of Pollination Monocots Dicots Growth of a Monocot Plant Growth of a Dicot Plant Kingdom Fungi A Fungus Among Us The Nature of Fungi Parts of a Mushroom Growing Up Mushroom Dividing to Multiply Kingdom Plantae The World of Plants A Typical Plant Cell Functions within a Plant Cell Photosynthesis Mosses Ferns Horsetails Gymnosperms Kingdom Animalia Members of the Animal Kingdom A Typical Animal Cell Functions within an Animal Cell Body Symmetry The Sponges The Hydra Flatworms Mollusks A Snail Mollusks A Clam Mollusks A Squid Segmented Worms The Arthropods A Crustacean The Crayfish A Close Look at Arachnids In the Right Order

3 The Honeybee Life Cycle of a Bee A Grasshopper Butterflies and Moths Metamorphosis An Echinoderm The Sea Star The Vertebrate Animals Comparing the Vertebrates Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates Characteristics of Fish Cartilage Fish Bony Fish Characteristics of Amphibians and Reptiles An Amphibian The Frog The Internal Organs of a Frog The Life Cycle of an Amphibian A Reptile The Alligator The Head of a Venomous Snake Characteristics of Birds and Mammals.. 87 Parts of a Bird A Bird s Internal Organs Bird Beaks Fowl Feet Birds of a Feather Mammals Mammal Locomotion Defense Mechanisms The Earth s Biomes The Deserts The Tundra Savannas and Grasslands Tropical Rain Forests Coniferous Forests Wetland Biomes Tidal Zone Biomes Coral Reefs Answer Key Ecology The Science of Ecology Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers Carnivores, Herbivores, and Omnivores Parasites Plant Succession Food Chains Food Webs Adaptations Camouflage

4 Name Date Life Processes What is the difference between a living and nonliving thing? A living thing must carry out six basic life processes: get energy, use energy, get rid of waste, reproduce, grow, and respond to change. Nonliving things may be able to do one or two of these processes, but they cannot do all of them and are therefore nonliving. Use the phrases in the word box to label each example shown in the illustrations. getting energy using energy getting rid of waste growing reproducing responding to change Life Science 2004 Creative Teaching Press Introduction to Life Science 5

5 Name Date The Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen Cycle Matter is continuously cycled between the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem and between ecosystems. Matter is recycled, no new matter is added to the earth and none is lost. One example of this is in the carbon dioxide-oxygen cycle. Match each term in the word box with its description. carbon dioxide oxygen photosynthesis marine algae decomposers producers consumers aerobic geologic activity fossil fuels Carbon is present in Earth s atmosphere in the form of this gas. The world s oceans hold most of the carbon in a dissolved form. These organisms use the carbon and release oxygen back into the atmosphere. Plants, also called this, use carbon dioxide to make their own food. This process, used by producers, releases oxygen into the atmosphere as a byproduct. These organisms cycle carbon through their bodies through the foods they eat. After they die and decompose, carbon is released back into the soil and atmosphere. The burning of these has put more carbon back into the atmosphere than can be cycled naturally. These organisms feed off of dead material and release the carbon back into the cycle. This type of respiration uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct Examples of this include volcanic eruptions and weathering of limestone rock, both of which release carbon into the atmosphere. The respiration of consumers uses this gas and releases carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Life Science 2004 Creative Teaching Press 6 Introduction to Life Science

6 Name Date The Nitrogen Cycle Another important cycle is the nitrogen cycle. Nitrogen is necessary for life. It is found in all proteins that cells use for growth. The amount of nitrogen stays the same as it is cycled through living and nonliving things. Match each term in the word box to its description. lightning leaching ammonia legumes amino acids bacteria atmosphere decomposition nitrification animals Nitrogen is a building block of these, a component of protein in all living things. 80% of this consists of nitrogen, making it the largest reservoir of this element on Earth. Only certain bacteria, volcanic action, and this can break down nitrogen in the air and convert it into a form that enters food webs. Nitrogen is fixed into the soil for plants to use through the activities of this. Plants use nitrogen in the soil as they grow. Directly or indirectly, plants are the only nitrogen source for these. During this process bacteria and fungi break down wastes and remains of organisms into ammonia. This process occurs when water in the soil moves out of an area, taking the dissolved nitrogen and other nutrients with it. This plant crop is able to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil. Life Science 2004 Creative Teaching Press 9 10 During this process bacteria convert nitrogen in the soil and release it back into the atmosphere. When plants and animals die, their nitrogen compounds are broken down into this. Introduction to Life Science 7

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