Focus on 5. Newton s Laws of Inertia

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Andra Gilbert
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Objects in motion do not stop unless something stops it.

1 Focus on 5 Newton s Laws of Inertia Newton s First Law Objects at rest do not move unless something moves it. Objects in motion do not stop unless something stops it. Newton s Second Law Force = mass times acceleration The force needed to move an object equals the mass of the object times the acceleration

Third Law of Motion Every action has an equal, but opposite, reaction

Simplest cellular organisms Have genetic material, but no nucleus

More complex than prokaryotes Organized cells Has a true nucleus and

2 Third Law of Motion Every action has an equal, but opposite, reaction PLANT AND ANIMAL CELL REVIEW Prokaryotic cells Include all bacteria Simplest cellular organisms Have genetic material, but no nucleus Organelles (pieces) have coverings known as membranes Eukaryote cells More complex than prokaryotes Organized cells Has a true nucleus and other organelles Eukaryotes make up all plants and animal cells (including the ones in your body)

genetic material o Nuclear membrane is around DNA Several different parts

3 Characteristics of Eukaryotic cells first appeared about 1 billion years ago Eukaryotes are more advanced than prokaryotes Nuclear membrane surrounds linear genetic material o Nuclear membrane is around DNA Several different parts Complex internal structure Larger than prokaryotes Here are what Eukaryotic cells look like:

CELL ORGANELLES An organelle is one of several structures with specialized functions suspended in the cytoplasm of the cell Nucleus (one type of organelle) The director of the cell Contains the

4 CELL ORGANELLES An organelle is one of several structures with specialized functions suspended in the cytoplasm of the cell Nucleus (one type of organelle) The director of the cell Contains the genetic material of the cell which tells the cell how to make proteins it needs to live and perform its functions Surrounded by a nuclear membrane Nucleus controls the activities of the cell Cytoplasm (one type of organelle) A thick solution that fills each cell

Enclosed by a cell membrane Mainly composed of water, salt, and proteins In Eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm include all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus Cell

transported in and out of the cell Mitochondria (another organelle) Power plants of the cell.

5 Enclosed by a cell membrane Mainly composed of water, salt, and proteins In Eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm include all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus Cell membrane The nuclear membrane in connected to other membranes and known as the endomembrane system The endomembrane system sorts and transports the materials of the cell Materials are transported in and out of the cell Mitochondria (another organelle) Power plants of the cell. After sugars are broken down in the cytoplasm of the cell, mitochondria converts the products into a more usable form of energy This breaking down process is called cellular respiration. These chemical reactions take place on the folds of the membrane that fill the mitochondria.

Ribosomes (another organelle) Protein factories of the cells Use genetic instructions from the nucleus to assemble the proteins of the cell as well as other proteins the

However, unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall outside the cell membrane. The cell wall protects and supports the cell.

Photosynthesis uses light to make chemical energy which the plant stores and uses.

6 Ribosomes (another organelle) Protein factories of the cells Use genetic instructions from the nucleus to assemble the proteins of the cell as well as other proteins the body needs Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have them Cell wall and Chloroplasts (another organelle but only in plants) Plants are also eukaryotes. However, unlike animal cells, plant cells have a cell wall outside the cell membrane. The cell wall protects and supports the cell. Plant cells also have a specialized organelle called a chloroplast in which photosynthesis takes place. Photosynthesis uses light to make chemical energy which the plant stores and uses. Vacuoles (yet another organelle) Storage bubbles found in cells Found in both plant and animal cells, but are larger in plant cells Store food or any variety of nutrients a cell might need to survive Can also store waste products so the rest of the cell is protected from contamination Videos for reference: Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes Organelles

7 FOOD WEBS Different animals have different roles in a food web Arrows in the food web mean was eaten by All living systems interdepend on each other

energy to make Include: Plants, plant-like

(also called heterotrophs) Organisms that

8 Parts of the food chain Producers (also called autotrophs) food Use light or chemical energy to make Include: Plants, plant-like protists (algae), and bacteria Consumers (also called heterotrophs) Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply. Herbivores (type of consumer) eats only plants Carnivores (type of consumer) eats only animals

Omnivores (type of consumer) eats both plants

matter Predation - one organism captures and

9 Omnivores (type of consumer) eats both plants and animals Ex. Bears eat both plants and fish Decomposers (type of consumer) breaks down dead organic matter Predation - one organism captures and feeds on another organism Predator one that does the killing Prey one that is the food

Examples in the food web: Grass (producer) insects (consumer) This means grass is eaten

10 Example of a food web Grass and trees are the only producers. They only use sunlight to produce energy. Examples in the food web: Grass (producer) insects (consumer) This means grass is eaten by insects. Insects (consumer) mouse (consumer) Insects are eaten by the mouse. Fox (consumer) Tick (consumer) Fox is food for the tick. The tick is a parasite.

11 Now let s try some examples together 1. What 3 things eat phytoplankton?,, 2. Are phytoplankton producers or consumers? 3. What do marsh periwinkles eat? 4. Zooplankton is on trophic level. 5. Gulls are predators, since they are at the top of the food chain and have no predators themselves. 6. The green crabs carry a parasite worm that can infect organisms that prey on the crabs. Which organism is most likely to be infected by this parasite?

12 Answers: 1. Zooplankton, barnacles, and blue mussels 2. Producers (you can tell because they are the first thing at the bottom of the food chain and do not consume any other organism) 3. Seaweed (Seaweed marsh periwinkles means seaweed is eaten by marsh periwinkles) 4. Trophic level 1 (the first level above producers or the first consumer level) 5. Apex 6. Gulls (Gulls eat the green crabs. If they consume the crabs, they would consume the parasites, too.) OLS Unit 5 Lesson 9 Please refer to your answer key in the lesson OLS Unit 4 Lesson 4 The main difference between a cell nucleus and a nucleoid is the presence or absence of a surrounding membrane. A major function of the endomembrane system is transporting substances in a cell. If a cell did not have cilia and flagella, it might have difficulty moving around. Photosynthesis does not occur in animal cells. The component of a cell that functions like the bones and muscles in the human body is the cytoskeleton.

13 OLS Unit 4 Lesson 8 Ribosomes are in both animal and plant cells. Mitochondria is in both animal and plant cells. Lysosomes are in animal cells. Central Vacuoles are in plant cells. Cell walls are in plant cells. Cilia are on animal cells. Nucleus is in both animal and plant cells. Chloroplast is in plant cells. Cell membranes are in both animal and plant cells. Multicellular plants and animals have organs with specific functions. Eukaryotic cells have organelles to perform specific functions. The process that takes place in the mitochondria is cellular respiration. Flagella and cilia are alike because they assist with movement. The endomembrane system works together with ribosomes to take proteins out of the cell. If you want to learn more about the genetic material of plants and animal cells, you would look in the nucleus. OLS Unit 4 Lesson 9 Chloroplast converts light energy into chemical energy. An important function of mitochondria is converting chemical energy from glucose products into chemical energy in ATP. The cells in all living things need energy to fuel their chemical reactions. The structure in that provides energy to the cell is called the mitochondria.

14 The process that takes place in the structure identified in the diagram in question 4 (mitochondria) is cellular respiration. The process that takes place in chloroplasts is photosynthesis.

Chapter 7.2. Cell Structure

Chapter 7.2. Cell Structure Chapter 7.2 Cell Structure Daily Objectives Describe the structure and function of the cell nucleus. Describe the function and structure of membrane bound organelles found within the cell. Describe the