LIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 5 & 6 FLASHCARDS

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1 LIFE SCIENCE CHAPTER 5 & 6 FLASHCARDS Why were ratios important in Mendel s work? A. They showed that heredity does not follow a set pattern. B. They showed that some traits are never passed on. C. They showed the relationship between two different things. D. They showed that some recessive traits are really dominant. Each parent gives one set of these to the offspring. A. genes B. phenotypes C. alleles D. meiosis A plant with two dominant OR two recessive alleles is said to be A. heterozygous. B. homozygous. C. cross pollinating. D. true breeding. Asexual reproduction relates to humans in that A. none of our body cells reproduce this way. B. many body cells reproduce this way. C. the parent cells do not divide. D. meiosis occurs. How are sex cells different from other human cells? A. Sex cells have more chromosomes. B. Sex cells have half as many chromosomes. C. Sex cells are larger. D. Sex cells have no chromosomes. What are homologous chromosomes? A. chromosomes that carry the same set of genes B. chromosomes that carry different sets of genes C. chromosomes that are small D. chromosomes that are large The one thing that Gregor Mendel realized could explain the results of his experiments was that A. the traits were appearing at random. B. the male traits were always the dominant ones. C. each trait had two sets of instructions, one from each parent. D. his important research would open the door to modern genetics. What carries the genes that determine sex? A. homologous chromosomes B. sex chromosomes C. pedigree D. phenotype

2 Instructions for an inherited trait are called A. alleles. B. albinism. C. phenotype. D. genes. What did Mendel discover about recessive traits? A. Recessive traits reappear in the second generation. B. Recessive traits disappear altogether. C. Recessive traits never appear in the second generation. D. Recessive traits become dominant. Which one of the following is the name for the way cells divide in asexual reproduction? A. twins B. meiosis C. mitosis D. homologous This diagram is used to trace a trait through generations of a family. A. pedigree B. meiosis C. selective breeding D. generation square What are chromosomes that carry the same sets of genes? A. twin chromosomes B. ordinary chromosomes C. homologous chromosomes D. asexual chromosomes Sex linked disorders are caused by males having A. only one X chromosome. B. two X chromosomes. C. two Y chromosomes. D. one X and two Y chromosomes. What is a trait? A. different forms of meiosis B. different forms of chromatids C. different forms of a pedigree D. different forms of a characteristic When a plant fertilizes itself, it is called a(n) A. allele plant. B. self pollinating plant. C. true breeding plant. D. cross pollinating plant. When there is incomplete dominance, A. one allele has more influence than the others. B. each allele has its own degree of influence. C. the alleles have no influence. D. there are no alleles present.

3 Two forms of a gene, one from each parent, are called A. alleles. B. albinism. C. phenotypes. D. genes. Offspring that are different from both parents are produced by A. asexual reproduction. B. sexual reproduction. C. something going wrong. D. mitosis. What is heredity? A. traits passing from offspring to parents B. plants that are cross pollinated C. traits passing from parents to offspring D. the ratio of dominant to recessive traits What is Mendel s ratio for dominant to recessive traits? A. 1 to 1 B. 3 to 1 C. 2 to 1 D. 4 to 1 What is a phenotype? A. the way an organism feels B. a dominant gene C. a group of 5 alleles D. the way an organism looks What is it called when cells are copied with half the number of chromosomes? A. sex cells B. a nucleus C. meiosis D. mitosis Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Why are all first generation flowers gray? A. Gray is the dominant color. B. Gray is the darker color. C. Gray is the recessive color. D. It is just a coincidence. Use the figure below to answer the following questions. What ratio explains the gray flowers and white flower in the second generation? A. 1 to 1 B. 3 to 1 C. 2 to 1 D. 4 to 1 Use the figure below to answer the following questions. What is the difference between the pollination in the first generation and the second generation? A. The first one was natural and the second was selective breeding. B. The first one was selective breeding and the second one was natural. C. They were both natural, but new plants were added before the second pollination. D. They were both selective breeding, but the second one was not controlled.

4 What letters represent the four bases? A. A, B, C, D B. A, T, G, C C. W, X, Y, Z D. E, Y, A, O Using X ray diffraction, what did Rosalind Franklin show the shape of DNA to be? A. a circle B. a square C. a spiral D. a line The sides of the DNA ladder are made of A. guanine and thymine. B. sugar and phosphate. C. adenine and cytosine. D. helixes and twists. The rungs of the DNA ladder are A. a pair of bases. B. a pair of phosphates. C. a pair of sugars. D. a set of proteins. To be copied, a DNA molecule splits A. across the top. B. along the sides. C. down the middle. D. along the phosphates. As messenger RNA is fed through the ribosome it is matched with A. DNA. B. cells. C. transfer RNA. D. proteins. Three bases code for one A. cell. B. protein. C. DNA. D. amino acid. A tobacco plant with a firefly gene that makes it glow is an example of A. DNA fingerprinting. B. protein science. C. genetic engineering. D. firefly breeding. Which best expresses the relationship between genes and DNA? A. Genes contain DNA. B. Both contain chromosomes. C. DNA destroys genes. D. They are unrelated.

5 What scientist made images of DNA by using X ray diffraction? A. Rosalind Franklin B. Erwin Chargaff C. James Watson D. Francis Crick What did Watson and Crick s model of DNA look like? A. a ball B. links in a chain C. a straight line D. a long, twisted ladder The first step in making a protein is A. RNA copying DNA. B. mrna going to ribosome. C. transfer RNA matching mrna. D. amino acids linked together. Using DNA to identify who committed a crime is A. genetic engineering. B. genetic disease. C. DNA fingerprinting. D. DNA cloning. What materials make up each nucleotide in a DNA molecule? A. mrna, trna, and a ribosome B. chromosomes and genes C. sugar, phosphate, and base D. amino acid, base, and protein Some genetic disorders, such as sickle cell anemia, are due to A. a ribosome. B. a DNA fingerprint. C. a mutation. D. genetic engineering. What determines how tall you grow and whether your hair is curly or straight? Which item is genetic engineering NOT currently used for? Who first found out that DNA has a spiral shape? A. a chromatid B. proteins C. RNA D. ultraviolet radiation A. to genetically alter plants B. to manufacture proteins C. to repair damaged genes D. to create natural gas A. Rosalind Franklin B. Erwin Chargaff C. James Watson D. Francis Crick

6 What is a string of nucleotides called? A. a ribosome B. a rule C. a gene D. a chromosome What does each gene have instructions for making? A. a cell B. a protein C. a ribosome D. RNA Where does messenger RNA go? A. to a protein B. to a ribosome C. to a genetic engineer D. to a chromosome Which is the first step of DNA replication? A. Two complete, identical strands of DNA pair up. B. New nucleotides attach to exposed bases. C. A strand of DNA splits down the middle. D. Adenine and thymine make a base pair. Which is the first step of protein production? A. trna dropping amino acids B. mrna going through a ribosome C. RNA making a mirror like copy of a DNA sequence D. trna translating the mrna message Whose research indicated that the bases in DNA must match with each other in some regular pattern? A. Erin Chagraff B. James Watson C. Rosalind Franklin D. Francis Crick