BENCHMARK 1 STUDY GUIDE SPRING 2017

Transcription

1 BENCHMARK 1 STUDY GUIDE SPRING 2017 Name: There will be semester one content on this benchmark as well. Study your final exam review guide from last semester. New Semester Material: (Chapter 10 Cell Growth & Division) Vocabulary: Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Chromatid, Centromere, Interphase, cell cycle, prophase, centriole, spindle, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cancer, cyclin 1. Why are cells small? (In other words, why is it better to be a smaller cell?) 2. What is cell division? 3. What are the stages of the cell cycle? 4. In what stage is DNA replicated? 5. What is the longest stage of the cell cycle? 6. When are chromosomes first visible? 7. What is the function of mitosis and what are the four stages of mitosis, in the correct order? 8. Compared to the parent cell, how do the daughter cells compare in mitosis? 9. How many cells are produced at the end of mitosis? 10. During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes line up on the equator (middle) of the cell? 11. What is cyclin and what role does it play in regulating the cell cycle? 12. How are cancer cells different from other cells?

2 New Material (Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics) Vocabulary: genetics, fertilization, true-breeding, trait, hybrid, gene, allele, segregation, gamete,, probability, Punnett square, monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype, independent assortment, incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, diploid, haploid, meiosis, tetrad, crossing-over. 1. A Punnett square is used to determine 2. Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be 3. The physical characteristics of an organism are its 4. A situation in which a gene has more than two alleles is known as 5. Unlike MITOSIS which results in two daughter cells that are exactly like the parent cell, MEIOSIS results in 4 daughter cells that are genetically different (T/F). 6. 2N = 8. How many chromosomes do the organism s gametes contain? 7. What does diploid and haploid stand for in terms of human chromosome numbers? Human diploid # Human Haploid # Which type of cells have a haploid number of chromosomes? 8. Multiple Alleles a. What possible genotypes make up type A blood? b. What possible genotypes make up type B blood? c. What genotype makes up type AB blood? Type O? d. What is the universal donor? e. What is the universal receiver? 9. Sex-Linked Inheritance a. What are the sex chromosomes for a male? female? b. What is the genotype for a woman who is a carrier for hemophilia? 10. What are the allele combinations for AaBb? FOIL! 11. What is the purpose of meiosis and what does crossing over produce? 12. When does crossing over occur in meiosis (during which phase)? 13. What is it called when chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis?

3 Vocabulary Matching ALLELE a. The physical description of a trait; ex: blue flowers, tall, short, and colorblind GENES b. Alternate form of a gene; single letter represents this; ex: B for brown GENOTYPE c. Segments of DNA that determine traits PHENOTYPE d. The two letter combination that represents a trait; ex: BB or Bb or bb HETEROZYGOUS a. A trait that is masked or hidden by a dominant trait GENETICS b. Organisms that have two different alleles for a certain trait; ex: Bb DOMINANT c. Organisms that have two identical alleles for a certain trait; ex: BB or bb RECESSIVE d. The study of heredity HOMOZYGOUS e. A trait that overpowers another trait INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE a. A cross between two individuals involving alleles for TWO traits CODOMINANCE b. Ex: red and blue flowers are crossed and purple flowers are offspring; the offspring of two parents is a blend/mixture between two parents MONOHYBRID CROSS c. A cross between two individuals involving alleles for ONE trait DIHYBRID CROSS d. Ex: black and white cows produce white cows with black spots; the offspring of two parents shows both traits of the parents PUNNETT SQUARE a. The first generation to be produced from two parents HYBRIDS b. A diagram that is used to produce the outcome of a cross TRUE BREEDING c. A tall pea plant (TT) crosses with a short pea plant (tt) and produces Tt offspring F1 GENERATION d. Organisms that self-pollinate and make offspring identical to themselves PRINCIPLES OF PROBABILITY a. Genes separate during gamete formation WITHOUT influencing each other s inheritance LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT b. Used to predict the traits of genetic crosses LAW OF DOMINANCE c. Genes separate during gamete formation LAW OF SEGREGATION d. Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive Mitosis Meiosis 2 new cells are formed from each original 4 new cells are formed from each original Replication of chromosomes occurs Doubled chromosomes pair to form tetrads Cells with a reduced chromosome number are formed Cells with the same chromosome numbers as original are formed Results in forming egg or sperm (gametes) Results in forming somatic or body cells Each original divides only once Each original cells divides twice Tetrads are not formed Chromosomes move to the cell s center

4 14. Reading Karyotypes Is this the Karyotype of a Male or Female? How did you know this? Is this individual normal or is there a disorder shown in the karyotype? What is the chromosomal abnormality? (If none present, say none present) Is this the Karyotype of a Male or Female? How did you know this? Is this individual normal or is there a disorder shown in the karyotype? What is the chromosomal abnormality? (If none present, say none present) 15. Pedigrees How many generations are shown in the given pedigree? How many males are in generation II? Determine the genotype of all the individuals in the pedigree, assuming this is a recessive condition.

5 (Chapter 12 DNA Structure) Vocabulary: nucleotide, DNA, sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate, double helix, helicase, DNA polymerase 1. What is a nucleotide and what are the three parts? Label It 2. What individuals contributed to the identification of the DNA structure and what were their contributions? a) b) c) 3. Create the complimentary strand for this given ½ of DNA: A G C T A G G G C T A T G 4. During replication DNA must separate, what bonds are broken? 5. What enzyme helps to unzip the DNA? 6. What enzyme adds in new complementary nucleotides? 7. Describe the structure of the new DNA strands after replication: ½ and ½ because the process is. 8. Label the diagram to the right