I. GREGOR MENDEL - father of heredity

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1 GENETICS: Mendel Background: Students know that Meiosis produces 4 haploid sex cells that are not identical, allowing for genetic variation. Essential Question: What are two characteristics about Mendel's peas that made them perfect for genetic studies? What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous? What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? (CIRLCE the answers in the notes) Vocabulary: Highlight or underline important terms

2 I. GREGOR MENDEL - father of heredity A. MENDELS PEAS 1. self fertilizing ( true breeding ) 2. short generation time

3 3. crossed in controlled way 4. definite traits 1 Removed stamens from purple flower White FLOWER COLOR Purple White Stamens FLOWER POSITION Axial Terminal Carpel PARENTS (P) Purple 2 Transferred pollen from stamens of white flower to carpel of purple flower 3 Pollinated carpel matured into pod SEED COLOR SEED SHAPE Yellow Round Green Wrinkled POD SHAPE Inflated Constricted OFF- SPRING (F 1 ) 4 Planted seeds from pod POD COLOR Green Yellow STEM LENGTH Tall Dwarf

4 B. MENDELS THEORY 1. All individuals have two copies of a gene. a. gene- a segment of DNA on a chromosome b. codes for a particular trait. ex. flower color or hair color

5 2. Alleles are different versions of genes a. purple flowers vs white flowers b. color is the trait Allele for purple flower Homologous chromosomes Allele for pink flowers

6 3. Two types of alleles a. Dominant 1. Stronger 2. when present it masks the weaker allele b. Recessive 1. Weaker 2. the allele that is masked or covered up

7 4. When gametes ( sperm/egg) are formed each gene separates independently

8 II. MONOHYBRID CROSSES - involves only one pair of different traits Color of coat is one trait Color of flower Is one trait

9 A. TERMS 1. P generation: a. parental generation b. first two individuals that mate in a cross. 2. F1 generation: a. the p generation s offspring b. p gen babies 3. F2 generation: a. the F1 generation s offspring b. F1 babies

10 B. OTHER TERMS 1. Symbols: a. use the same letter to represent different versions of a trait b. use a capital letter to represent the dominant allele ex. Trait = tongue rolling T= tongue roller c. use a lower case letter to represent the recessive allele t = non-tongue roller

11 2.Homozygous ( pure bred) a. same alleles ( one from each parent) b. ex. TT or tt 3. Heterozygous ( hybrid ) a. two different alleles (one from each parent ) b. ex. Tt vs

12 4. Genotype a. genetic make-up b. ex. TT, Tt or tt 5. Phenotype a. physical characteristics b. ex. tongue roller or non- tongue roller

13 GENETICS: Mendel Background: Students know that Meiosis produces 4 haploid sex cells that are not identical, allowing for genetic variation. Essential Question: What are two characteristics about Mendel's peas that made them perfect for genetic studies? What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous? What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? (CIRLCE the answers in the notes) Vocabulary: Highlight or underline important terms

14 I. GREGOR MENDEL - father of heredity A. MENDELS PEAS 1. self fertilizing ( true breeding ) 2. short generation time

15 3. crossed in controlled way 4. definite traits 1 Removed stamens from purple flower White FLOWER COLOR Purple White Stamens FLOWER POSITION Axial Terminal Carpel PARENTS (P) Purple 2 Transferred pollen from stamens of white flower to carpel of purple flower 3 Pollinated carpel matured into pod SEED COLOR SEED SHAPE Yellow Round Green Wrinkled POD SHAPE Inflated Constricted OFF- SPRING (F 1 ) 4 Planted seeds from pod POD COLOR Green Yellow STEM LENGTH Tall Dwarf

16 B. MENDELS THEORY 1. All individuals have two copies of a gene. a. gene- a segment of DNA on a chromosome b. codes for a particular trait. ex. flower color or hair color

17 2. Alleles are different versions of genes a. purple flowers vs white flowers b. color is the trait Allele for purple flower Homologous chromosomes Allele for pink flowers

18 3. Two types of alleles a. Dominant 1. Stronger 2. when present it masks the weaker allele b. Recessive 1. Weaker 2. the allele that is masked or covered up

19 4. When gametes ( sperm/egg) are formed each gene separates independently

20 II. MONOHYBRID CROSSES - involves only one pair of different traits Color of coat is one trait Color of flower Is one trait

21 A. TERMS 1. P generation: a. parental generation b. first two individuals that mate in a cross. 2. F1 generation: a. the p generation s offspring b. p gen babies 3. F2 generation: a. the F1 generation s offspring b. F1 babies

22 B. OTHER TERMS 1. Symbols: a. use the same letter to represent different versions of a trait b. use a capital letter to represent the dominant allele ex. Trait = tongue rolling T= tongue roller c. use a lower case letter to represent the recessive allele t = non-tongue roller

23 2.Homozygous ( pure bred) a. same alleles ( one from each parent) b. ex. TT or tt 3. Heterozygous ( hybrid ) a. two different alleles (one from each parent ) b. ex. Tt vs

24 4. Genotype a. genetic make-up b. ex. TT, Tt or tt 5. Phenotype a. physical characteristics b. ex. tongue roller or non- tongue roller

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