KEY-Fall AP Biology Final Review

Transcription

1 KEY-Fall AP Biology Final Review Chapter 1 Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life 1) What is The main source of energy for producers in an ecosystem is light energy. 2) Describe how the use of insulin and glucagon in regulating blood sugar levels are an example of a negative feedback. When the body's blood glucose level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin and, as a result, the blood glucose level declines. When the blood glucose level is low, the pancreas secretes glucagon and, as a result, the blood glucose level rises. Such regulation of the blood glucose level is the result of negative feedback. 3) How does the genetic code provide evidence of the common ancestry of all life? It is nearly universal among living things. 4) What are three key factors in natural selection? It requires genetic variation, results in descent with modification, and involves differential reproductive success. 5) How are inheritable traits and reproductive success joined in providing a mechanism for organisms of a particular species to become adapted to their environment? Beneficial inheritable traits enhance individual survival and reproductive success in the local environment. 6) How is "success" measured in an evolutionary sense? Reproductive success 7) How does "descent with modification" relate to variations in a population? Individuals inherit different traits than others, natural selection sorts out the individuals with beneficial traits who then pass those traits on to offspring. 8) Why is the theme of evolution considered to be the core theme of biology by biologists? It provides a framework within which all biological investigation makes sense. 9) Describe the two groups used in a controlled experiment. There are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment (control group). 10) Why is it important that an experiment include a control group? Without a control group, there is no basis for knowing if a particular result is due to the variable being tested.

2 Chapter 51 Animal Behavior 11) A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats are attracted to the urine deposits. Which of the following is a proximate cause of this increased urination? It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle. 12) A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior? Responding to the odor means locating reproductively receptive females. 13) What are pheromones? A chemical produced by an animal that serves as a communication to another animal of the same species 14) What are four reasons for animals to use pheromones? To communicate reproductive readiness, species recognition, gender recognition, danger. Be able to match the behavioral descriptions to the correct behavior term: A. operant conditioning B. agonistic behavior C innate behavior D. imprinting E. altruistic behavior 15) Through trial and error, a rat learns to run a maze without mistakes to receive a food reward. operant conditioning 16) A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast. innate behavior 17) A type of learning that can occur only during a brief period of early life and results in a behavior that is difficult to modify through later experiences is called imprinting. 18) A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation? sign stimulus 19) Explain the factors that lead to the evolution of certain behaviors. Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction.

3 20) How does certainty of paternity affect male behavior? Certainty of paternity is high when egg laying and mating occur together, as in external fertilization. As a result, males spend more time and energy in rearing the offspring. 21) How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection? By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. Chapter 3 Water and Life 22) Describe hydrophobic substances such as vegetable oil and how it interacts with water. Nonpolar substances that repel water molecules. 23) What is the beneficial result of using buffers? They maintain a relatively constant ph when either acids or bases are added to them. 24) What kinds of bonds are broken when water vaporizes? Hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 25) What is the chemical reaction mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers? Dehydration reactions 26) What is the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis? Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. 27) A molecule with the chemical formula C6H12O6 is probably a Carbohydrate and monosaccharide only. 28) What is a biological characteristic of cellulose? It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. 29) Why is it that humans can digest starch but not cellulose? Humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β glycosidic linkages of cellulose. 30) What is a significant property of lipids? They are insoluble in water. 31) Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids? They are based on cholesterol and are not soluble in water. 32) There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another? Different side chains (R groups) attached to an α carbon

4 33) What molecule has to be removed to form a peptide bond between amino acids? Removal of a water molecule 34) Which type of interaction stabilizes the α helix and the β pleated sheet structures of proteins? Hydrogen bonds 35) Which level of protein structure do the α helix and the β pleated sheet represent? Secondary 36) Describe the tertiary structure of a protein is the A unique three-dimensional shape of the fully folded polypeptide. 37) What type of covalent bond between amino acid side chains (R groups) functions in maintaining a polypeptide's specific three-dimensional shape? Disulfide bond 38) What is one of the primary functions of RNA molecules? Function in the synthesis of proteins. Figure ) What is the term for the structure depicted in Figure 5.7? α helix secondary structure of a polypeptide. Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell 40) What is the primary objective of cell fractionation? Separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined. 41) What is the major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells? The need for a surface area of sufficient area to support the cell's metabolic needs

5 42) What product would be produced by cells with large numbers of ribosomes? Proteins 43) Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids? Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 44) Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell? Rough ER 45) Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells? Mitochondrion 46) Which structure is common to plant and animal cells? Mitochondrion Chapter 7 Membrane Structure and Function 47) What are the major structural components of the cell membrane? phospholipids and proteins 48) What is an extremely important characteristic of integral membrane proteins? They are usually transmembrane proteins. 49) What is the major function of polysaccharides attached to the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes? To mediate cell-to-cell recognition. 50) What kind of problems would an animal cell lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma membrane likely have? Problems in cell-cell recognition 51) What is a transmembrane protein? A protein that spans the phospholipid bilayer one or more times is 52) What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily? Small and hydrophobic 53) Describe the process of diffusion. It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 54) What are aquarporins? Transmembrane proteins that allow water to pass quickly through cell 55) White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process? Phagocytosis

6 56) Receptor proteins in a membrane that recognizes a chemical signal are very similar to what region of an allosteric enzyme? The active site of an allosteric enzyme that binds to a specific substrate. 57) Describe how testosterone functions inside a cell to produce a cellular response. Binds with a receptor protein that enters the nucleus and activates specific genes. 58) What is the function of transcription factors? They control gene expression. 59) How are signals transmitted via a series of proteins? Phosphorylations bring conformational changes to each protein. 60) Describe the sequence of events during apoptosis of a cell. Its DNA and organelles are fragmented, the cell shrinks and forms blebs, and the cell selfdigests. Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism 61) Briefly describe the products for anabolic pathways? They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers. 62) What does metabolism consists of in all organisms? Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism. 63) Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism? It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions. 64) What happens to the heat generated when chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism? It is lost to the environment. 65) Briefly describe the effects of enzyme-catalyzed reactions? The reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme. 66) What is the relationship between enzymes and activation energy? Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier. 67) What is the active site of an enzyme? What is an allosteric site of an enzyme? Site involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme. 68) Describe the induced fit hypothesis of enzyme catalysis? The binding of the substrate changes the shape of the enzyme's active site.

7 69) What effect can single amino acid substitutions have on an enzyme? It may affect the physicochemical properties of the enzyme such as its optimal temperature and ph. Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 70) What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain? Oxygen 71) Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods? They have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen. 72) What are the end products of glycolysis? ATP, NADH and pyruvate 73) In which two reaction stages is carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during cellular respiration? Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle 74) What is the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to It acts as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. 75) What is generated when hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space? It creates the proton-motive force. Chapter 10 Photosynthesis 76) What are the products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? ATP and NADPH 77) Where does the Calvin cycle take place? Stroma of the chloroplast 78) What is the role of the antenna pigments in the light reactions of photosynthesis? Light is absorbed and funneled to reaction-center chlorophyll a. 79) What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, whereas respiration releases it. 80) Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during what two processes? Both photosynthesis and respiration. Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle 81) Why do chromosomes coil during mitosis? To allow the chromosomes to move without becoming entangled and breaking

8 82) What energy molecule is required for motor proteins to function in the movement of chromosomes toward the poles of the mitotic spindle? ATP as the energy source 83) What is a cleavage furrow? A groove in the plasma membrane between daughter nuclei 84) Which growth factor protein is released by platelets in the vicinity of an injury? PDGF 85) What protein is synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that associates with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex? Cyclin 86) What proteins are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, and fluctuate in concentration during the cell cycle? Cyclins. 87) What are the factors contributing to the development of cancer cells? When they stop dividing, they do so at random points in the cell cycle; they are not subject to cell cycle controls; and they do not exhibit density-dependent inhibition when growing in culture. 88) Why is it that cells from a malignant tumor usually have abnormal chromosomes? Chromosomally abnormal cells can still go through cell cycle checkpoints. 89) How are all cell cycle checkpoints similar? They activate or inactivate other proteins. 90) Through a microscope, you can see a cell plate beginning to develop across the middle of a cell and nuclei forming on either side of the cell plate. What kind of cell are you observing? A plant cell in the process of cytokinesis. Chapter 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 91) What are distinctive differences between cells produced by sexual vs. asexual reproduction? In sexual reproduction, individuals transmit 50% of their genes to each of their offspring. 92) What is a genome? The complete set of an organism's genes 93) A given organism has 46 chromosomes in its karyotype. How many chromosomes would be found in the gametes? Its gametes must have 23 chromosomes. 94) In what kind of cell division and which stage would a cell divide to produce two daughter cells that are genetically different. Meiosis I only.

9 95) In which stage of mitosis and meiosis are chromatids separated from each other? The statement is true for mitosis and meiosis II. 96) What process differences distinguish meiosis from mitosis? Two divisions but only one replication 97) What process during the sexual life cycle increases the genetic variation in a species? Crossing over 98) What occurs when homologous chromosomes crossover? Specific proteins break the two strands and re-join them with their homologs. 99) In what ways are mitosis and meiosis similar? Sister chromatids separate during anaphase. 100) If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is X, then the DNA content of the same cell at metaphase of meiosis I would be? 2x.