WINTER BREAK PACKET Biology

Transcription

1 Name: Date: Period: WINTER BREAK PACKET Biology C= circle key words or vocabulary words U= underline the question. T= think about the knowledge you have from class. E= eliminate at least 2 answer choices. Overall Test-Taking S= solve the Strategies question Read and follow directions closely. Read each question carefully to make sure you understand what it is asking? Pay special attention to emphasized text. (bold, italics, uppercase, underlined) Study any pictures, charts, tables, and captions presented. Answer all questions on the test. DO NOT LEAVE ANY BLANKS! Underline/circle important text (key vocabulary words, the questions) Check your answers. SC.912.L.14.1: 1) The goal of scientific experimentation is to increase what we know about how the natural world operates. If a hypothesis is tested repeatedly by a wide variety of experimental approaches in many scientific investigations and cannot be proved false, then the hypothesis could be called a A. conclusion. B. fact. C. rule. D. theory. 2) In the 1600s, advances in microscopy led to the development of cell theory. Which of the following statements is part of the cell theory? A. All cells require water and oxygen to survive. B. All living things are made of one or more cells. C. All cells have organelles with specialized functions. D. All living things rely on several different types of cells. 3) In order to function, all living things require which of the following? A. cells B. nuclei C. organs D. tissues 4) In the 1830s, Theodor Schwann showed that the mature tissues of animals were traceable to embryonic cells. Which of the following statements of cell theory does this provide evidence for? A. All living things are made from cells. B. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism. C. All cells come from preexisting cells. D. Each cell has a specific design and purpose. 5) Cell theory is a result of the contributions of several different scientists, and applies to all living things. Which of the following explains why cell theory will not ever become the law of cells?

2 A. Cells of different organisms are so diverse that it is impossible to come up with a law that would apply to all of them. B. Because cells undergo change as mutations occur within them, developing anything beyond a cell theory would be impractical. C. Scientific theories are well-tested explanations, while laws are well-tested descriptions of natural phenomena; one cannot become the other. D. Scientific theories can only become laws if all possible cases can be tested; it would be impossible to test all living things to see if they have cells. SC.912.L.14.26: 1) In the diagram below, which lobe is located at the posterior (back) section of the brain, as indicated by the red arrow? A. frontal lobe B. occipital lobe C. parietal lobe D. temporal lobe 2) In the diagram below, which area of the brain is indicated by the letter D? A. brain stem B. cerebellum C. cerebrum D. parietal lobe 3) Which structure is found directly below the pons and is indicated by the letter A? 2

3 A. cerebellum B. medulla oblongata C. occipital lobe D. temporal lobe 4) Which of the following structures of the brain is visible in the diagram below? A. brain stem B. cerebellum C. cerebrum D. medulla oblongata 5) In the diagram below, which structure is represented by the letter C? A. cerebellum B. cerebrum C. medulla oblongata D. pons 3

4 SC.912.L.14.3: 1) Cell membranes are primarily composed of a double layer of phospholipids. Why are phospholipids particularly well suited to serving as membranes? A. They can be used to metabolize starches. B. They create a selectively permeable membrane. C. They can work together to perform chemiosmosis. D. They form a membrane that is impermeable to chemicals. 2) Which statement correctly explains a difference between the cells of prokaryotes and the cells of eukaryotes? A. Eukaryotic cells reproduce using DNA; prokaryotic cells use RNA only to reproduce. B. Eukaryotic cells have fewer distinct parts than prokaryotic cells because they are less evolved. C. Eukaryotic cells do not have cell walls or vacuoles; prokaryotic cells have both of these features. D. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotic cells lack these features. 3) Which of the following best explains the difference between passive and active transport within cell membranes? A. Passive transport does not require chemical energy to occur; active transport requires energy, such as ATP. B. Passive transport happens only in the presence of water, while active transport does not require water to occur. C. Passive transport moves larger substances through the cell membrane; smaller molecules must move by active transport. D. Passive transport allows whole particles to move through the membrane, while active transport breaks particles down before they can pass through. 4) Which of the following statements correctly explains the role of lysosomes within a cell? A. The lysosome prepares fats and lipids for transport throughout the cell by sorting and encasing them. B. The lysosome uses oxygen to convert sugar into chemical energy and also controls the metabolism of the cell. C. The lysosome breaks down molecules that are not needed within the cell and returns some of the products of digestion to the cell for later use. D. The lysosome isolates water and other molecular compounds and stores them so they can be used later by the cell, or expels them as waste products. 5) Which of the following structures would be present in a plant cell, but not in an animal cell? A. nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts B. chloroplasts, cell wall, central vacuole C. cell wall, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus D. central vacuole, Golgi apparatus, nucleus SC.912.L.15.1: 1) Which of the following correctly describes the general trend in hominid evolution? A. larger body size, broad forehead, smaller brains B. increase in brain capacity, bipedalism, use of tools C. thickening of the skull, protruding teeth, organized hunting D. large canine teeth, small skulls, diet of coarse plant material 2) Biogeography is the study of the location of organisms around the world. Which of the following best explains how biogeography can provide evidence for evolution? A. It shows that organisms have structures that serve no purpose but that resemble structural roles in related organisms. B. It shows that there are similarities and differences among the DNA of different species. C. It shows that organisms have changed gradually over millions of years. D. It shows that some organisms that are unrelated have developed similar adaptations to similar environments. 4

5 3) In his trips to the Galapagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed that 4 of the 13 species of the islands' finches have beaks adapted to eating specific foods. Which best explains how these facts provide evidence for divergent evolution? A. The finches were different species but resemble each other because of how they evolved in a similar environment. B. The finches descended from similar ancestors and have evolved adaptations in response to each other's influences. C. The finches descended from the same ancestor but evolved along their own lines in isolation from each other. D. The finches descended from a common ancestor but evolved differently in response to their environment. 4) Humans and chimpanzees have almost identical DNA and many similarities in anatomy. Which statement about the evolutionary relationship between modern humans and chimpanzees is supported by these facts? A. Humans and chimpanzees are unrelated. B. Humans descended directly from chimpanzees. C. Humans are a more evolved version of chimpanzees. D. Humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor. 5) Which of the following statements correctly compares a scientific theory and a scientific law? A. A law is a fact and a theory is an opinion. B. A law is a theory that has been proven to be true. C. A law is a description and a theory is an explanation. D. A law is always true and a theory is sometimes true. SC.912.L.15.6: 1) All prokaryotes reproduce asexually, while many eukaryotes can reproduce sexually. Given this information, which statement best explains why the Eukarya domain includes more complex living things than the Archaea or Bacteria domains? A. All prokaryotes are unicellular, and all eukaryotes are multicellular. B. Prokaryotes can live in more extreme conditions than eukaryotes. C. Eukaryotes have a greater variety of genetic material than prokaryotes. D. There are more eukaryotic organisms than prokaryotic organisms in the world. 2) For a long time, algae were considered a part of the plant kingdom. Which statement best explains why most algae are now considered protists and not plants? A. Some algae are motile. B. Some algae are unicellular. C. Algae obtain energy through photosynthesis. D. Algae do not have organs or specialized tissue. 3) Some organisms are multicellular, sessile (non-moving), and able to create their own food. What biological kingdom do these organisms belong to? A. animal B. bacteria C. fungi D. plant 4) Organisms are classified into kingdoms based on their defining characteristics. Which of the following statements correctly compares the animal and plant kingdoms? A. Animal cells have chromosomes; plant cells do not. B. Animal cells are eukaryotic; plant cells are prokaryotic. C. Animal cells lack a cell wall; plant cells have a cell wall. D. Animals give off oxygen; plants give off carbon dioxide. 5) Many protists are single-celled organisms, as are all bacteria. However, protists and bacteria are in different biological kingdoms. Which of the following comparisons of protists and bacteria is NOT true? A. Both protists and bacteria can be motile. B. Both protists and bacteria are microorganisms. C. Protists are eukaryotes, while bacteria are prokaryotes. D. Protists may be photosynthetic, but bacteria cannot be photosynthetic. 5

6 SC.912.L.17.20: 1) Most deforestation occurs for agricultural purposes as farmers cut and burn forests to grow crops. On a local scale, animals living in the forested area will either die or be forced from their habitat. On a larger scale, many plant and animal species may become extinct. What is another global effect of deforestation? A. Production of fossil fuels will decrease as foliage is destroyed. B. Soil erosion will decrease as ash covers and protects the topsoil. C. Herbivore populations will increase as more plants become available for food. D. Greenhouse gases will increase as carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. 2) The Marianas flying fox is a species of bat found in the Pacific islands that plays an important role in pollination and seed dispersal. Hunting and habitat destruction have contributed to a drastic decline in their population. If this continues, what would be a consequence of the extinction of the Marianas flying fox? A. Organisms dependent on the flying fox would adapt to other organisms. B. Plant populations would flourish due to lack of competition for resources. C. The region would experience more extreme climatic conditions due to instability of plant and animal species. D. Other animal and plant populations dependent on the flying fox would also decrease and may become extinct. 3) A lake that has been affected by acid rain may have an altered ph level. Although the ph may be lower than normal, the lake may still appear blue and clear. Which of the following best explains why this may occur? A. Acid rain may promote the growth of organisms that consume lake algae. B. Acid rain may introduce invasive species that compete with algae for resources. C. Acid rain may neutralize the lake's natural alkalinity which would decrease any cloudiness. D. Acid rain may affect the whole lake ecosystem by first killing algae that cause cloudiness. 4) Human activities affect the quality and supply of natural resources for future generations. Since the Industrial Revolution, the use of fossil fuels has greatly increased industrial productivity, but it has also caused environmental issues. Which of the following is least likely to because by the burning of fossil fuels? A. acid rain B. global warming C. an increase in smog D. holes in the ozone layer 5) Some farmers have begun using biological pest controls to manage their crops. Which of the following is an example of using biological pest controls to contribute to sustainability? A. adding ladybugs to the fields of crops B. cutting down only selected trees in a field C. spraying pesticides that target only some insect species D. using modern machinery that is more environmentally friendly How has the spread of the Eurasian Collared-Dove affected different populations of native bird species? A community is any assemblage of populations in an area or a habitat. There are a number of different interspecies interactions that take place within a community. One example of an interaction that takes place between species is competition. Organisms compete for resources, such as food, water, and space, when resources are in short supply. For example, weeds and grass compete for soil nutrients and water, grasshoppers and bison compete for grass, and lynx and foxes compete for hares. There is potential for competition between any two species populations that need the same limited resource. Resources, however, are not always scarce in every community (e.g., water in the ocean or oxygen on the Great Plains). Species therefore do not always compete for every resource they need to survive. Species also do not compete for resources when they occupy different ecological niches. An ecological niche is the sum total of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources in its 6

7 environment. An organism s ecological niche is its ecological role or how it fits into an ecosystem. The ecological niche of a bird, for example, includes the temperature range it tolerates, the type(s) of tree it nests in, the material it uses to build its nest, the time of day it is active, and the type of insects or seeds it eats (along with numerous other components). Species with different ecological niches require different resources and play different roles in a community. Therefore, species with different ecological niches rarely compete for the same resources. Invasive species are organisms that are not native to an ecosystem. These organisms are introduced into a new environment through some type of human activity. Invasive species often colonize a community and spread rapidly. They are able to colonize and spread because they can tolerate a wide variety of habitat conditions; they grow fast, reproduce often, compete aggressively for resources, and usually lack natural enemies in the new community. Invasive species, as a result, can cause environmental, economic, and human harm by displacing native species, altering habitats, upsetting the balance of an ecosystem, or degrading the quality of recreation areas. An example of an invasive species is the Eurasian collared-dove. This bird was introduced to the Bahamas in 1970 and spread from there to Florida in It has since spread across North America and is now found as far south as Veracruz, as far west as California, and as far north as Alaska. Although the Eurasian collared-dove does not migrate, it spreads and then colonizes new areas at an alarming rate. In Arkansas, for example, it took only five years ( ) for it to spread from the southeast corner of the state to the northwest corner (a distance of about 500 km). The impact of the Eurasian collared-dove on native bird species in North America is not yet known, but it seems to occupy an ecological niche that is similar to the other members of the dove family (Columbidae). Scientists are attempting to determine if the Eurasian collared-dove will outcompete native dove species for available resources. They are also interested in the impact that this invasive species may have on other native species of nonmigratory bird. Fortunately, there are a number of databases that allow scientists to track where different species of bird can be found, when they can be found, and how common they are in a given location. One such birdwatchers at thousands of locations across the United States. Scientists can use these data and the visualization tools built into the website to examine the frequency and abundance of different species of birds at different locations and over time. 1. Why are scientists concerned about the Eurasian collared-dove populations? a. They spread human diseases b. Their migratory patterns will difficult to track c. They compete with local bird populations for resources d. Scientists are not concerned about the Eurasian collared-dove populations 2. What are some possible effects of an increase in the number of Eurasian collared-doves in an area? a. Drastic decrease in local insect populations b. Negatively effecting local recreation areas c. Decrease in native bird populations d. All of the above Why will the characteristics of a bug population change in various ways in response to different types of predation? The various components of an ecosystem are all connected. Plants depend on the abiotic resources of an ecosystem to produce the food they need to grow, herbivores eat these plants, and carnivores eat the herbivores. Thus, a change in the amount of abiotic resources available or a change in the size of any one of these populations of organisms can influence the size of the other populations 7

8 found in that ecosystem. A drought, for example, could reduce the size of the plant population. A decrease in the size of the plant population results in less food for the herbivores. When herbivores do not have enough food to eat, the death rate of the population increases, which, in turn, results in fewer herbivores. The size of the carnivore population, as a result, begins to shrink because there is not enough food available. In addition to influencing the size of a population, the interactions that take place between the organisms found within an ecosystem can actually change the characteristics of some populations. Some of the characteristics that can be influenced by these interactions include the ratio of males to females in a population or the ratio of juveniles to adults in the population. Other characteristics that can be influenced by population interactions include the proportion of individuals within a population that have a specific trait or the average height or weight of the members of that population. It is therefore important for biologists to understand how different types of interactions can result in a change in the characteristics of a population. One type of interaction that can result in a change in the characteristics of a population is predation. Predation often has a strong influence on the characteristics of a prey population. For example, a population of herbivores that lives in an area with a lot of predators will often have different characteristics than a population of herbivores that lives in an area with few or no predators. The hunting strategy used by the predator will also have an influence on the characteristics of a prey population. For example, a herbivore population that is eaten by a predator that chases its prey and a herbivore population that is eaten by a predator that hunts by sitting and waiting for its prey will often have different characteristics. Biologists often study how the characteristics of a specific prey population change in response to a specific type of predation, to understand how different types of interactions can result in a change in the characteristics of a population. 1. There are two varieties of moles, brown and white, living on an island. They are a source of food for the owls. The island recently had a volcanic eruption and is now covered with dark ash, dark volcanic rock, and some soil. What will be the effect on the mole population over time? a. Both populations will increase b. Both populations will decrease c. The brown mole population will increase and white mole population will decrease d. The brown mole population will decrease and white mole population will increase 2. There are two varieties of moles, brown and white, living on an island. The island recently had a volcanic eruption and is now covered with dark ash, dark volcanic rock, and some soil. At the same time, the first ever species of snake was introduced to the island. The snake relies primarily on detecting motion and body heat to hunt prey. What will be the effect on the mole population over time? a. Both populations will increase b. Both populations will decrease c. The brown mole population will increase and white mole population will decrease d. The brown mole population will decrease and white mole population will increase SC.912.L.14.36: 1) Which of the following statements best describes blood flow in the human body? A. As blood pressure increases, the rate of blood flow decreases. B. As the length of a vein decreases, the resistance to blood flow decreases. C. As the viscosity of the blood decreases, the rate of blood flow increases. D. As the diameter of a blood vessel decreases, the rate of blood flow increases. 8

9 2) Marie transitions from a resting state to exercise. Which of the following correctly describes what happens to Marie's body during exercise? A. heart rate decreases B. blood volume increases C. blood pressure increases D. resistance to blood flow increases 3) Which of the following factors decreases blood flow? A. a decrease in blood viscosity B. an increase in blood pressure C. an increase in overall blood volume D. a decrease in the radius of a blood vessel 4) If an individual experiences a severe injury leading to a drop in blood volume, which of the following will occur? A. a decrease in blood pressure B. an increase in blood viscosity C. a decrease in blood ph D. an increase in blood oxygen 5) If a person has coronary heart disease, some of the vessels that supply blood to the heart can become narrowed. Which of the following would you also expect to find in a patient with coronary heart disease? A. low heart rate B. high blood ph C. low blood volume D. high blood pressure SC.912.L.14.52: 1) Each fall, Sandra goes to her doctor to get vaccinated for the flu. As a baby, she was vaccinated against Hepatitis B, and has not had to get vaccinated for Hepatitis since then. Why must Sandra get vaccinated each year for the flu when she does not need to get vaccinated each year for Hepatitis? A. The flu virus is more dangerous than Hepatitis. B. The flu virus is more likely to mutate than Hepatitis. C. The flu virus is more likely to kill people than Hepatitis. D. The flu vaccine is not as strong as the vaccine for Hepatitis 2) Which of the following would be the best way to determine whether or not an individual has a viral infection? A. Look for evidence of a high-grade fever. B. Look for the presence of redness and swelling. C. Look for evidence of specific antibodies in the blood. D. Look for the presence of white blood cells in the blood. 3) Huntington's disease is a genetic disorder that affects muscle coordination and cognitive ability. Which of the following pieces of information would be most helpful in the diagnosis of this disorder? A. The patient has a family history of the disease. B. The patient has a history of exposure to radiation. C. The patient is sedentary and has a history of smoking. D. The patient has a poor diet and a history of high cholesterol. 9

10 4) Which of the following factors is the most effective in preventing the spread of food-borne illnesses? A. growing your own food B. practicing safe food handling C. purchasing only packaged food D. testing your food for contaminants 5) Which of the following statements regarding the nonspecific immune response is true? A. It is antigen-dependent. B. It results in immunological memory. C. It combines physical, chemical, and mechanical factors. D. It involves a long delay between exposure and maximal response. SC.912.L.15.1: 1) Which of the following correctly describes the general trend in hominid evolution? A. larger body size, broad forehead, smaller brains B. increase in brain capacity, bipedalism, use of tools C. thickening of the skull, protruding teeth, organized hunting D. large canine teeth, small skulls, diet of coarse plant material 2) Biogeography is the study of the location of organisms around the world. Which of the following best explains how biogeography can provide evidence for evolution? A. It shows that organisms have structures that serve no purpose but that resemble structural roles in related organisms. B. It shows that there are similarities and differences among the DNA of different species. C. It shows that organisms have changed gradually over millions of years. D. It shows that some organisms that are unrelated have developed similar adaptations to similar environments. 3) In his trips to the Galapagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed that 4 of the 13 species of the islands' finches have beaks adapted to eating specific foods. Which best explains how these facts provide evidence for divergent evolution? A. The finches were different species but resemble each other because of how they evolved in a similar environment. B. The finches descended from similar ancestors and have evolved adaptations in response to each other's influences. C. The finches descended from the same ancestor but evolved along their own lines in isolation from each other. D. The finches descended from a common ancestor but evolved differently in response to their environment. 4) Humans and chimpanzees have almost identical DNA and many similarities in anatomy. Which statement about the evolutionary relationship between modern humans and chimpanzees is supported by these facts? A. Humans and chimpanzees are unrelated. B. Humans descended directly from chimpanzees. C. Humans are a more evolved version of chimpanzees. D. Humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor. 5) Which of the following statements correctly compares a scientific theory and a scientific law? A. A law is a fact and a theory is an opinion. B. A law is a theory that has been proven to be true. C. A law is a description and a theory is an explanation. D. A law is always true and a theory is sometimes true. 10