Which concept would be correctly placed in box X? A) use and disuse B) variation C) changes in nucleic acids D) transmission of acquired traits

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1 1. Base your answer to the following question on Some of the concepts included in Darwin's theory of natural selection are represented in the diagram below. Which concept would be correctly placed in box X? A) use and disuse B) variation C) changes in nucleic acids D) transmission of acquired traits 2. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, which gas was lacking in the atmosphere of primitive Earth? A) ammonia B) hydrogen C) methane D) oxygen 3. The results provided by Stanley Miller's experiments involving a simulated primitive environment, as described in the heterotroph hypothesis, show that in this environment A) only inorganic molecules can be synthesized B) there is little possibility for the synthesis of complex molecules C) organic molecules can be synthesized D) only complex nucleic acid molecules can be synthesized 4. In the early stages of development, the embryos of dogs, pigs, and humans resemble one another. This observation suggests that these animals may have A) a similar number of chromosomes B) similar habitat requirements C) the same blood components D) a common ancestry 5. Natural selection and its evolutionary consequences provide a scientific explanation for each of the following except A) the fossil record B) protein and DNA similarities between different organisms C) similar structures among different organisms D) a stable physical environment 6. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. What do the similarities of the bones labeled A provide evidence for? A) the organisms may have evolved from a common ancestor B) all species have one kind of bone structure C) the cells of the bones contain the same type of mutations D) all structural characteristics are the same in animals

2 7. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below shows the effect of spraying a pesticide on a population of insects over three generations. Which concept is represented in the diagram? A) survival of the fittest B) dynamic equilibrium C) succession D) extinction 8. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents four different species of bacteria Which statement is correct concerning the chances of survival for these species if there is a change in the environment? A) Species A has the best chance of survival because it has the most genetic diversity. B) Species C has the best chance of survival because it has no gene mutations. C) Neither species B nor species D will survive because they compete for the same resources. D) None of the species will survive because bacteria reproduce asexually. 9. Limited resource contribute to evolutionary change in animals by increasing A) genetic variation within the population B) competition between members of the species C) the carrying capacity for the species D) the rate of photosynthesis in the population

3 10. The graph below represents the populations of two different species in an ecosystem over a period of several years. Which statement is a possible explanation for the changes shown? A) Species A is better adapted to this environment. B) Species A is the predator of Species B. C) Species B is better adapted to this environment. D) Species B is a parasite that has benefited species A. 11. Ancestors of the giant panda had rounded paws with five very short toes. Today, the giant panda has a sixth toe, often referred to as a thumb, even though it develops from a wrist bone. This unique thumb is an adaptation that allows the panda to easily hold and eat bamboo shoots. The presence of the giant panda s thumb is most likely the result of A) natural selection B) selective breeding C) asexual reproduction D) ecological succession

4 Base your answers to questions 12 and 13 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents possible evolutionary pathways of certain organisms. 12. Which species is most closely related to species L? A) E B) F C) G D) I 13. Which statement can best be inferred based on the information in the diagram? A) Natural selection occurs only as a result of mutations. B) Natural selection requires a minimum of 5 million years to occur. C) Each new species that develops continues to exist through present time. D) Some species that are no longer successful in their environment may become extinct. 14. Parrots are tropical birds. However, in some areas of New York City, some parrots have been able to survive outdoors year-round. These parrots survive, while most others cannot, due to A) overproduction of offspring B) extinction of previous species C) asexual reproduction of parrots with a mutation D) a variation that allows these parrots to live in colder climates 15. A population of white moths lives in a forest near a factory. This factory bums coal and pollutes the air with black dust. Over time, this dust has settled on the trees in the area, making them darker in color. This could result in A) an increase in the white moth population B) a decrease in the white moth population C) an increase in the number of trees in the area D) a decrease in the air pollution affecting the area

5 16. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram shows the evolutionary relationships of some organisms. Which two organisms would most likely synthesize the most similar enzymes? A) monkey and mouse B) cow and horse C) chimp and rat D) horse and dog 17. The diagram below represents one possible evolutionary change that could have led lobe-finned fish to develop into the first amphibians. Amphibians are animals that live on land some of their life. This change from fins on the lobe-finned fish to legs and feet on the early amphibian is most likely due to A) a sudden mutation that changed the gills of the lobe-finned fish to lungs B) increased competition between animals that had adapted to living on the land C) the need to move to land because of increased competition for food in the ocean D) variations among offspring, followed by natural selection

6 18. Characteristics that are harmful to a species tend to decrease in frequency from generation to generation because these characteristics usually A) have a high survival value for the species B) have a low survival value for the species C) are inherited by more individuals D) affect only the older members of the population 19. The crucian carp, a Scandinavian fish, thrives in shallow ponds that freeze over during winter. While other creatures in the pond die from lack of oxygen, these carp are able to obtain energy through a biochemical pathway that does not require oxygen. This characteristic is an example of a A) feedback mechanism common to carnivores that inhabit shallow pond ecosystems B) favorable adaptive trait that has led to increased survival C) stage of succession that leads to a new community D) gene mutation that occurred because carp need to survive to maintain ecological stability 20. A man lifts weights and develops large arm muscles. His son has larger muscles than his father had at the same age. According to Lamarck's theory, this situation is due to A) competition between father and son B) survival of the fittest C) inheritance of acquired characteristics D) mutagenic agents 21. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below and on your knowledge of biology. 22. Base your answer to the following question on the information and diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Average beak sizes of the seed-eating medium ground finch on one of the Galapagos Islands are shown in the diagram below. During wet years, all types of seeds are abundant. The medium ground finch prefers to eat small seeds that are easy to crush. However, during droughts (dry years), when small seeds are not as abundant, they eat the larger seeds on the island. The most likely explanation for this variation in the beak size of the medium ground finch is that A) the birds acquired larger beaks so they could take advantage of the supply of small seeds B) the birds with smaller beaks mutated due to the drought so they produced more offspring C) different adaptations gave some birds a better chance for survival D) the environment caused the birds to exercise their beaks and the beaks became longer and stronger According to most scientists, which sequence best represents the order of biological evolution on Earth? A) A B C B) B C A C) B A C D) C A B

7 23. Base your answer to the following question on the information in the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The differences observed in the bird beaks are most likely due to A) asexual reproduction of these finch species B) the selection for different shaped beaks that best suit different niches C) the genetic recombination associated with mitotic cell division D) the genetic engineering of the DNA of each of these species 24. Extinction of a species could result from A) evolution of a type of behavior that produces greater reproductive success B) synthesis of a hormone that controls cellular communication C) limited genetic variability in the species D) fewer unfavorable mutations in the species

8 25. The evolutionary pathways of several species are represented in the diagram below. Which species was best adapted for survival in changing environmental conditions? A) A B) E C) K D) L