Final Revision G8 Biology ( ) Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

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1 Final Revision G8 Biology ( ) Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1 A species is a group of similar organisms that A can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring. B can live together on an island. C can migrate to an island from the mainland. D all have exactly the same traits. 2 What did Darwin infer from his observations of organisms in South America and the Galápagos Islands? A The organisms on the Galápagos Islands were virtually identical to mainland organisms. B A small number of different plant and animal species had come to the mainland from the Galápagos Islands. C The organisms on the Galápagos Islands were completely unrelated to mainland organisms. D A small number of different plant and animal species had come to the Galápagos Islands from the mainland. 3 Differences between members of the same species are called A predators. B selections. C traits. D variations. 4 What is the role of genes in evolution? A Only genes can be acted on by natural selection. B Parents with recessive genes die from overproduction. C The genes of most surviving parents have only dominant alleles. D Only traits that are controlled by genes can be acted on by natural selection. 5 Which of these is one of the main ways that a new species forms? A Cross-breeding occurs within the species. B A group is separated from the rest of the species. C Competition occurs between members of the species. D Mutations occur in the alleles of members of the species. 6 What are fossils? A molds and casts of organisms that live today B drawings of ancient animals and other organisms C footprints or burrows of small animals that live today D the preserved remains or traces of organisms that lived in the past 7 How do most fossils form? A An insect becomes trapped in amber. B An entire organism becomes frozen in ice. C A dead organism becomes buried in sediment. D A dead organism becomes buried in tar. 8 How do scientists determine the actual age of fossils? A relative dating B radioactive dating C sedimentary dating D mold and cast dating 9 What evidence is most important when using relative dating? A the half-life of a radioactive element B the position of sediment in petrified rock C the types of minerals in a petrified fossil D the position of fossils in sedimentary rock layers

2 10Which term refers to a species that no longer has any living members? A molded B fossilized C extinct D petrified 11 How long is Precambrian Time in the Geologic Time Scale? A 4 million years B 4.6 million years C 4 billion years D 4.6 billion years 12 What theory proposes that evolution occurs steadily in tiny changes over long periods of time? A gradualism B relative dating C natural selection D punctuated equilibria 13 What theory agrees with fossil records that show no intermediate forms for long periods of time? A gradualism B natural selection C evolution D punctuated equilibria 14 Which term refers to similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor? A DNA sequences B developmental organisms C homologous structures D punctuated equilibria 15 If two organisms look very similar during their early stages of development, this is evidence that the organisms A are not related. B evolved from different ancestors. C have exactly the same DNA. D evolved from a common ancestor. 16 A branching tree is A a diagram showing how scientists think different groups of organisms are related. B a species of tree that is not closely related to other tree species. C a drawing that shows where different animals live in a tree. D a homologous structure that many plants have. 17 Scientists combine evidence from fossils, body structures, early development, DNA, and protein structures to A determine what bones an animal has in its forelimbs. B determine the evolutionary relationships among species. C decide which fossils are older than others. D determine whether an organism will have gills during its early development. 18 What did Darwin observe about finches in the Galápagos Islands? A Their feathers were adapted to match their environment. B Their beaks were adaptations related to the foods the finches ate. C They had identical phenotypes in all locations. D They had identical genotypes in all locations. 19 The gradual change in a species over time is called A mutation. B evolution. C migration. D variation.

3 20A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce is called a(n) A mutation. B selection. C adaptation. D variation. 21 Which term refers to the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce? A natural selection B overproduction C competition D variation 22 What theory proposes that species evolve during short periods of rapid change? A gradualism B evolution C absolute dating D punctuated equilibria 23 Which term refers to a species creating more offspring than can possibly survive? A natural selection B overproduction C evolution D variation 24 What evidence suggests that the ancestors of whales once walked on land? A Scientists have found fossils of whalelike creatures that had legs. B Whales perform walking motions as they swim. C Whales have similar DNA to elephants. D Whales breathe through lungs. 25 How does natural selection lead to evolution? A Stronger offspring kill weaker members of the species. B Helpful variations accumulate among surviving members of the species. C Overproduction provides food for stronger members of the species. D Environmental changes favor weaker members of the species. 26 How do remains become petrified fossils? A A sedimentary rock becomes a cast. B Molds and casts fill with sediment. C Minerals replace all or part of an organism. D Sediment replaces all or part of an organism. 27 Why do scientists think related species have similar body structures and development patterns? A The species inherited many of the same genes from each other. B The species inherited many of the same proteins from each other. C The species inherited all of the same genes from a common ancestor. D The species inherited many of the same genes from a common ancestor. 28 Which of the following is most likely to become preserved as a fossil? A a leaf B a worm C a jellyfish D a clam shell 29 If the half-life of a radioactive element is 4 days, how long will it take for three fourths of a sample of the element to decay? A 2 days B 4 days C 8 days D 16 days

4 30Darwin concluded that organisms on the Galápagos Islands A had changed over time. B had remained the same. C were the result of selective breeding. D had no variations. Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 31 Gradual change in a species over time is called adaptation. 32 Through natural selection, harmful variations gradually accumulate in a species. 33 When some members of a species become isolated, they are less likely to form a new species. 34 An empty space called a cast is formed when an organism buried in sediments dissolves. 35 In sedimentary rock, the youngest fossils are usually found in the deepest layers. 36 The largest span of time in the Geologic Time Scale is Precambrian Time. 37 Darwin thought that species evolved rapidly. 38 The theory of punctuated equilibria proposes that species evolve slowly but steadily. 39 The more similar the DNA sequences of two species are, the more closely related the species are. 40 On a branching tree, a species is more closely related to a species on the same branch than to one on a separate branch. Completion Complete each statement. 41 Organisms belonging to the same can usually mate and produce fertile offspring. 42 An inherited characteristic that improves an organism s chances to survive and reproduce is a(n). 43 In the process of natural selection, the organisms that are best suited to their environments are most likely to survive and. 44 Natural selection is affected by, or traits that are different in members of the same species. 45 The only traits that can be acted upon by natural selection are those that are controlled by. 46 A new can form when a group of individuals become isolated from the main group. 47 Most fossils are found in rock. 48 When minerals replace bone, a(n) fossil forms.

5 49 To determine a fossil s actual age, scientists analyze elements in rocks near the fossils. 50 The of a radioactive element is the time it takes for half of the atoms in a sample to decay. 51 Earth s history spans more than years. 52 Proteins can be used to determine how closely related organisms are because amino acid sequences are determined by the that makes up an organism s genes. 53 The fossil record provides information about species that are, or have died out. 54 The theory of states that species evolve quickly over a relatively short time. 55 The forelimbs of a bird and a mammal are examples of structures. 56 Similarities in the early development of chickens and opossums suggest that these animals share a common. 57 Living things first appeared during the geologic time period known as. 58 Scientists show how groups of organisms may be related by placing them on a diagram called a(n). 59 dating can be used to determine which of two fossils is younger and which is older, but not what their actual ages are. 60 A(n) is a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations. Short Answer

6 Use the diagram to answer each question. 61 Did birds evolve from the gliding reptiles called pterosaurs? Explain your reasoning. 62 Are modern birds more closely related to Archaeopteryx or to the first reptiles? 63 Would you expect the DNA of crocodilians to be more similar to the DNA of modern birds or the DNA of turtles? Explain your reasoning. 64 Are pterosaurs more closely related to turtles or to crocodilians? Explain your answer. 65 Name the common ancestor of pterosaurs and crocodilians.

7 Final Revision G8 Biology ( ) Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1 A 2 D 3 D 4 D 5 B 6 D 7 C 8 B 9 D 10 C 11 C 12 A 13 D 14 C 15 D 16 A 17 B 18 B 19 B 20 C 21 A 22 D 23 B 24 A 25 B 26 C 27 D 28 D 29 C 30 A MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 31 F, evolution 32 F, helpful 33 F, more 34 F, mold 35 F, oldest 36 T 37 F, slowly

8 38 F, gradualism 39 T 40 T COMPLETION 41 species 42 adaptation 43 reproduce 44 variations 45 genes 46 species 47 sedimentary 48 petrified 49 radioactive 50 half-life half life billion 52 DNA 53 extinct 54 punctuated equilibria 55 homologous 56 ancestor 57 Precambrian Time 58 branching tree 59 Relative 60 scientific theory SHORT ANSWER 61 No, birds did not evolve from pterosaurs. Birds and pterosaurs are on different branches of the branching tree. 62 Modern birds are more closely related to Archaeopteryx than to the first reptiles. 63 The DNA of crocodilians should be more similar to the DNA of modern birds. The diagram indicates that the common ancestor of crocodilians and modern birds was more recent than the common ancestor of crocodilians and turtles. 64 Pterosaurs are more closely related to crocodilians. They share a more recent common ancestor than do pterosaurs and turtles. 65 Thecodonts were the common ancestor of pterosaurs and crocodilians.