7) NATURAL SELECTION: the process by which forms of life having traits that better fit a specific environmental pressure, such as predators, changes

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1 7) NATURAL SELECTION: the process by which forms of life having traits that better fit a specific environmental pressure, such as predators, changes in climate, or competition for food or mates, will tend to survive and reproduce in greater numbers than others of their kind, thus ensuring the continuance of those favorable traits in succeeding generations.

2 8) NICHE: The role of an organism in the ecosystem. What it eats, how it gets food, and how it interacts with other organisms.

3 9) CHROMOSOME: Threadlike strands of DNA and protein located in the cell s nucleus; they carry the genes

4 10) GENE: The basic unit of heredity carried by the chromosomes; code for features or traits of organism.

5 Write two to three questions here that are answered by the notes! E.Q. What is Darwin s theory on evolution? Evolution refers to changes in inherited characteristics of a species over time. B) Darwin s model of evolution 1) Darwin hypothesized that plants and animals he saw in the Galapagos Islands originally came from Central and South America. 2) Darwin reasoned that members of a population best able to survive and reproduce will pass their traits to the next generation; over time, separate species can evolve. C) Darwin hypothesis became known as the theory of evolution by natural selection organisms with traits best suited to their environment will more likely survive and reproduce. D) Variation of inherited traits within a population makes an individual different from other members of its species; (an adaptation is a variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment.) 1) When environmental changes occur (biotic and/or abiotic), organisms best suited to the change will be more likely to reach the age of reproduction. This is why variation of traits is important in a population (for example, Darwin s Finches).

6 The breeding of animals or plants by humans to enhance one or more traits = Selective Breeding

7 A change in the environment could apply new pressure on a population if the pressure continues, in time, the population will have different traits than it did before the pressure. Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as timber, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on biosequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland.

8 Beak size and shape impacted the type of food a finch could obtain.

9 Small beaks good for gathering grass seeds Large beaks to crack large seeds.

10 1 2 3

11 1) According to substantial scientific evidence what animal did domestic dogs evolve from? 2) Today there are about distinct breeds of dog, most of which came into existence in the last. 3) What is the selective breeding of organisms to produce offspring with desirable traits known as? 1) Substantial scientific evidence suggests that the domestic dog evolved from the wolf. 2) 400, 200 years. 3) The breeding of organisms to produce offspring with desirable traits is known as selective breeding.

12 EQ: What is Darwin s theory on evolution? Summary Step1: answer the essential question: Step 2: answer each question you created for each chunk of information Step 3: End with any past knowledge that you can combine with these notes AND/OR any question that you have that the notes did not answer

13 The origin of species how d new species come into this world? Selective pressure = drought. In wet years, grass thrives (small seeds) which favors finches with small beaks. Dry years favors large beaked finches eating larger seeds.

14 The original species of finches settled on all islands. Each island had different selective pressures that favored different traits to develop. On an island with sparse algal growth, small size has an advantage because less food is needed to reach the reproduction age.

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17 Table of Contents (the TOC) Unit 2, Population Diversity Date Description Pg # 10/ Adaptations help populations 1 10/29 Genetics 2

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20 We will now list some features and traits that vary in humans. COPY THIS LIST INTO YOUR NOTEBOOK. 2 NB 3) Class Features/Traits FEATURES TRAITS

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23 P7 xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx Is there variation in our population with regards to these four features? Which trait occurred most often for each feature? Are any traits linked?

24 Typical Larkeys What are some of the ways that the larkeys differ form one another? Legs-short and long Eyes- red and grey Fur-solid, stripped, and spotted Tail-bushy and bare

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28 The walkingsticks had only one feature we investigated color. We started with a population of 48 walkingsticks. The population was composed of equal numbers of thee different traits brown, green-brown, and geen. In addition to the walkingsticks there were birds that preyed on the insects for food. In what way did the population change? What factors in the environment affected the change in the walkingstick population? How did variation help the walkingstick population survive? Was there more or less variation in the walkingstick population after 5 generations?

29 Is there variation in the yammer of larkeys? How might a predator have an impact on the population of larkeys? What trait might disappear from the population after five generations?

30 Inside the nucleus is the inheritance messenger, DNA. (Deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA molecules are huge containing millions of atoms. In order to fit inside the nucleus, they are coiled and coiled again into structures called CHROMOSOMES - the structures that carry the message of inheritance.

31 This drawing shows the nucleus of a cell from our animal, the larkey. Notice that there are eight chromosomes, looking a little bit like bent hot dogs of different lengths. If you look closely, you will see that these two chromosomes are the same, these two are the same, and so on.

32 Chromosomes always come in pairs. So our larkey actually has four pairs of chromosomes rather than eight different ones. Now look at the dark areas. Both chromosomes in a pair have dark areas exactly the same location. The dark areas are called alleles. Note: Alleles are not really dark. The dark color is used to represent the location of the alleles on the chromosomes

33 The two alleles on the paired chromosomes work together. Together they constitute a gene. Summary Nuclei contain chromosomes. Chromosomes come in almost identical pairs. Chromosomes have specific active locations called alleles. The two alleles in identical locations on paired chromosomes constitute a gene

34 A gene (two alleles working together) controls a trait. This gene could be the one that determines the larkey s eye color, or perhaps the pattern of its fur. Let s say it determines eye color. The larkey has four features of interest to us. Each feature is controlled by one gene. Each of the four genes is on a different chromosome (although they could have all been on the same chromosome).

35 The gene location for appendages (legs) is these two alleles on this pair of chromosomes. The alleles are labeled with the letter A for appendages.

36 Find the gene locations for eye color (letter E), fur pattern (letter F), and tail shape (T). Notice that some of the alleles are labeled with uppercase letter and some are lowercase letters. Both upper and lowercase letter Es are alleles for eye color.

37 Alleles don t all have equal influence in determining traits. Moreinfluential alleles are dominant alleles, and they are represented by an uppercase letter. Less-influential alleles are called recessive alleles, and they are represented by a lowercase letter.

38 The alleles are the code that determines the traits of the larkeys. The chart at the bottom is the genetic code for one of the 32 larkeys we viewed previously. The alleles for legs is aa, eye color = Ee, fur pattern = FF, and tail shape = tt;

39 The alleles for legs is aa, eye color = Ee, fur pattern = FF, and tail shape = tt; The combination of alleles in an organism's chromosomes is the organism s genotype. The genotype lists the paired alleles that are particular to that organism.

40 Let s look at the genotype of our larkey to see what is dominant and what is recessive. Two recessive alleles for leg length (aa) One dominant and one recessive allele for eye color (Ee) Two dominant alleles for fur pattern (FF) Two recessive alleles for tail shape (tt).

41 The parents of a Larkey both have red eyes. Is it possible for them to produce an offspring with grey eyes? In your notebook use a Punnet Square to prove or disprove this grey eye question. (The alleles for eyes are E or e.)

42 The parents of a Larkey both have red eyes. Is it possible for them to produce an offspring with grey eyes? In your notebook (under NB3) use a Punnet Square to prove or disprove this grey eye question. (The alleles for eyes are E or e.) Female Ee Male Ee E E E E E e e e E e e e

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