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2 In 1831 people thought: A) Earth and life were a few thousand years old B) The planet and species on it had not changed since the beginning of time C) Geologic features showed up due to catastrophic changes D) No knowledge of genes or heredity

3 Theories of Geologic Change set the stage Theory of 2. Gradualism 3. Theory of Catastrophism Uniformitarianism

4 So who started the idea of EVOLUTION...?? In 1831 a man named Charles Darwin, a naturalist, set sail on a ship named the H.M.S. Beagle headed for a journey of scientific discovery. He was only 22 years old. The purpose of the journey was to gain insight about the plants and animals that existed all around the world.

5 Darwin s Voyage

6 Charles Darwin "Father of Evolution" 1859

7 What he found Darwin collected samples of plants and animals and he called all the varieties, the Living Diversity. He estimated that between 5 and 50 million different species existed

8 Living organisms were only part of the BIG picture! Much of Darwin s information came from fossils: bones and other traces of information from ancient organisms. Scientists estimate that 99.9% of all species that ever existed are now dead.

9 Galapa what? On the islands, Darwin observed that: Different islands had different climates Different climates meant different vegetation which meant different animals.

10 More specific findings: Galapagos tortoise has a short neck in dry areas (eats grass) and a long neck in wet areas (eats larger vegetation)

11 Darwin s Finches He also observed birds, called finches, who differed on each island. He determined that all finches have different beak sizes and shapes dependent on what they eat.

12 27 Years Later, Darwin published his findings in a book, The Origin of Species.

13 darwin's main points

14 Darwin influenced Theories of Biological Change: Lyell... A geologist Lamarck... A naturalist Malthus... A mathematician Geologic change was a long, slow process that took millions of years Change was the result of wave action, rain, and erosion. Selected use of an organ could change the organ That change could be handed down Populations allowed to grow unchecked would use up the available food & space. Life is competition for resources. Humans ran out of food in an area because they reproduced too much.

15 The BIG picture Darwin's observations, along with the others, led to the beginning of understanding how life has evolved on earth and how species evolve, and eventually the theory of evolution.

16 With what we NOW already know... Thanks to the work of Watson & Crick, Franklin, Chargoff & Mendel we have come to understand that DNA helps to create the proteins that make our genes. In addition, each organism has their own genetic code that makes them unique.

17 The BIG Picture = The world is composed of millions of species that have all come to exist together. Even further no two individuals are exactly alike due to differences in our DNA. How is this so?

18 The answer lies in the process of evolution a collection of facts, observations, and hypothesis about the history of life. Biological evolution concerns changes in living things during life on Earth. It explains that living things share common ancestors...not where they came from.

19 For example: We did NOT evolve from chimps (or apes) but rather share a common ancestor Chimpanzees COMMON ANCESTOR Humans

20 Darwin called this change over time "Descent with Modification" meaning that overtime we have gradually changed as compared to a common ancestor... which remains a good definition of biological evolution today.

21 How GRADUALISM applies to EVOLUTION... Evolution is a LONG TERM EVENT and only occurs when there is a change in gene frequency, or the DNA, within a population over time Let s look at an example

22 Imagine a year or two of drought in which there are few plants that these beetles can eat. Because of food restrictions, the beetles in this population are a little smaller than the previous generation of beetles.

23 During this drought, green beetles are the most frequent color in the population. Some number of generations later, things have changed: brown beetles are more frequent.

24 Which example illustrates descent with modification a change in the actual genes of the beetles over time? A. Change in beetle size B. Change in beetle color

25 As species are subject to evolutionary changes, new species begin to form. This is how evolution occurs. How did these Mutation spiders evolve (i.e. change over time) from the original species on the far left?

26

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