I. Aim # 40: Classification 1. Why do we classify organisms? II. 2. Define taxonomy: 3. Who is Carlous Linnaeus? What is he known for?

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1 Name: Date: Period: Living Environment Unit 8 Evolution Study Guide Due Date: Test Date: Unit 8 Important Topics: Aim # 40: Classification Aim # 41: Dichotomous Keys Aim # 42: Cladograms Aim # 43: Evolutionary Evidence Aim # 44: Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection Aim # 45: Variation Aim # 46: Rate of Evolution and Extinction Aim # 47: NYS Beaks of Finches Lab I. Aim # 40: Classification 1. Why do we classify organisms? 2. Define taxonomy: 3. Who is Carlous Linnaeus? What is he known for? 4. What are the 7 classification groups? Place them in order from most broad to most specific. II. 5. Which two of the groups above is included in a species scientific name? and 6. Which rules do you have to follow to write a scientific name? Aim # 41: Dichotomous Keys 7. What is a dichotomous key? 8. Why do we use dichotomous keys?

2 III. IV. Aim # 42: Cladograms 9. What are cladograms? 10. What types of characteristics are used in cladograms? Aim # 43: Evolutionary Evidence 11. What is evolution? 12. Why is evolution considered a theory? 13. Which type of organisms were present on Earth 3 billion years ago? 14. Through the process of evolution, describe the type of organisms now present on Earth. 15. Evolution is supported by massive amounts of evidence. Which FOUR types of evidence are used to support the theory of evolution? Describe each type of evidence. a. - b. - c. - d Of the four types of evidence above, which is the most reliable to determine evolutionary relationships? V. Aim # 44: Darwin s Theory of Natural Selection 17. Describe Lamark s belief of how species changed over time. 18. What was his theory disproved by? 19. In your own words describe Darwin s conclusion, regarding how species change over time.

3 20. Describe natural selection. 21. For natural selection and evolution to take place, four conditions must occur. List the four conditions and explain why each condition must take place for natural selection and evolution to take place. a. - b. - c. - d How are natural selection and artificial selection different from one another? Directions: Circle the correct statements in the information below to answer the following questions. 23. Why would it be beneficial for an organism to over reproduce? The more/less offspring an individual has the more likely some of the offspring will survive. 24. What role does competition play in the evolution of a species? The more/less competition there is the harder it is survive. If it is hard/easy to survive only the ones with favorable traits will survive. 25. What is meant by survival of the fittest? Only the ones with the advantageous/disadvantageous traits for the environment they live in will survive 26. When organisms reproduce, there is variation among the offspring. Why is variation necessary for the survival of a species? Variation causes offspring to be the same/different from one another. If all the offspring are the same/different from one another, only the ones with the favorable traits will survive. Also, if all the offspring were the same/different, they could more easily go extinct. 27. The environment is constantly changing. What does that tell us about the species here on Earth? Since the environment is constantly changing/staying the same, species constantly have to adapt to their surroundings. Only the best of the best survive/die and the ones that do not have favorable traits survive/die. This leads to the passing on of only unfavorable/favorable traits. If this continuously occurs over a short/long period of time, it leads to.

4 28. Peppered Moth: In your own describe how the environment of the peppered moth changed and how this lead to evolution of the peppered moth. Change of environment: Effect on the peppered moth: 29. Antibiotic Resistance: What caused some of the bacteria to become resistant to the antibiotic? When the antibiotic is added to the bacteria which ones die? Resistant/Non-Resistant Which bacteria survive and reproduce? Resistant/Non-Resistant Why is the antibiotic now considered ineffective? 30. Pesticide Resistance: What is DDT? How is the DDT example, similar to the antibiotic example? 31. Base your answers to the questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. EVOLUTION OF THE ELEPHANT Today's elephants are the result of a long process of evolution. Over millions of years, small changes were passed from one generation to the next. The first fossil elephant species were small, but over time, they increased both in size and weight. The three species alive today are the sole survivors of a once much more widespread group. Explain why it took so long for elephants to evolve in this way, while insects and bacteria can undergo evolution much more rapidly. Provide a possible explanation for the increase in size and weight of the elephants over millions of years. Explain why some elephant species did not survive.

5 32. Base your answers to the questions on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. New varieties of organisms have resulted from human activities. These organisms have often led to problems in modern society. Two of these new varieties are listed below. 1. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria 2. Pesticide-resistant insects Select one of these varieties and discuss a problem associated with the development of this new variety of organism. In your answer, be sure to: Identify the variety you selected and one biological process by which a population of this variety may develop resistance. Identify one possible negative effect of this solution. State one solution to this problem. Identify one problem caused by this resistance. Describe how this process is involved in the production of a population of resistant organisms. 33. An insect pest known as the medfly significantly reduced the orange crop in California. Pesticides were used to control the medfly. Using the concept of natural selection, explain how the continued use of a certain pesticide may become ineffective in controlling this fly. Your answer must include the concepts of: variation adaptive value of a variation (adaptation) survival reproduction VI. Aim # 45: Variation 34. Mutation: 35. In sexually reproducing organisms, only changes in the sex cells / body cells (Circle one) can be passed on to the next generation. 36. Can mutations be positive, negative, or both? 37. What are the two major causes of variations among offspring? and

6 Directions: Match the following types of change with the appropriate example 38. Polar bears have developed thicker fur. 39. Eels have developed an electric shock in their muscles to catch their prey. 40. Male walruses fight each other to win over a female. Types of Change A) Functional Change B) Behavioral Change C) Structural Change 41. Why is it better to have variation within a species instead of every individual being genetically identical? VII. Aim # 46: Rate of Evolution and Extinction 42. As the environment changes rapidly, evolution happens more quickly/ more slowly. (circle one). Explain why. 43. As the environment stays the same, evolution happens more quickly/ more slowly. (circle one). Explain why. 44. When a population produces numerous organisms, does evolution happen more quickly/ more slowly. (circle one). Explain why. 45. Identify two human actions that have increased rates of extinction: VIII. Aim # 47: NYS Beaks of Finches Lab Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the diagram below, which shows the evolution of Hawaiian Honey Creepers from a common ancestor. As their ancestors spread to new islands, they found a variety of different food sources. Gradually, behaviors and beak structures evolved that took advantage of these different food sources, resulting in the formation of several new species.

7 1. Some of the birds that could not compete with the honey creepers were successful living on other islands. State one reason why this could be possible. 2. Other types of birds arrived at the islands, but they found it difficult to compete with the many forms of honey creepers. Explain why the honey creepers were able to compete so successfully against the new arrivals. 3. Describe how the beaks of the bird species D, E, F, and J that eat fruits and seeds differ from the beaks of the bird species that eat only nectar. Base your answers to questions below on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram shows variations in the beaks of finches in the Galapagos Islands. Identify one finch in the diagram that is least likely to compete with any of the other finches. Support your answer.

8 Base your answers to questions 6 through 8 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology The DNA sequences found in two different species are 95% the same. This suggests that these species are (1) are evolving into the same species (2) contain identical proteins (3) may have similar evolutionary histories (4) have the same number of mutations