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1 Biology 1 of 41

2 Do Now: Why do the colors of moths change over time? Write a detailed explanation on the scrap paper provided. 2 of 41

3 Why do the colors of moths change over time? 3 of 41

4 4 of 41

5 Evolution What does Evolution mean? Change in a population over time Process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms 6 of 41

6 Do Now Complete the evidence for evolution portion of the worksheet. Turn in. Watch the video be prepared to take notes. 7 of 41

7 Evidence of Evolution Evidence for Evolution the fossil record DNA evidence homologous structures similarities in early development, or embryology. 8 of 41

8 What are fossils? Remains of dead organisms are buried by layers of sediment, which forms new rock. 11 of 41

9 How does the fossil record help us explain evolution? Fossil record shows how species have changed over time. 12 of 41

10 How does the fossil record help us explain evolution? Fossil record shows when species vanished and when species appeared over geological time 14 of 41

11 Homologous Body Structures Evidence of Evolution Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same early developmental tissues are called homologous structures. 16 of 41

12 17 of 41

13 Evidence of Evolution Not all homologous structures serve important functions. The organs of many animals are so reduced in size that they are just vestiges, or traces, of homologous organs in other species. These organs are called vestigial organs. 18 of 41

14 Watch the video. List one vestigial structure in humans and its function of 41

15 Similarities in Embryology Evidence of Evolution The early stages, or embryos, of many animals with backbones are very similar. The same groups of embryonic cells develop in the same order and in similar patterns to produce the tissues and organs of all vertebrates. Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail Chick embryo (LM) Human embryo 20 of 41

16 DNA EVIDENCE DNA sequences have been compared among a variety of species High degree of similarity between some species. What does that mean? 21 of 41

17 Sighted fish vs. blind cave fish 22 of 41

18 Do Now Turn in your homework (Curol Plant). Work with your partner to sort the events of evolution. Use the white paper with the geologic time scale to guide the order of events. Cenozoic Era at the top and Precambrian Era at the bottom. 24 of 41

19 Sources of Genetic Variation Mutations Crossing over Principle of Segregation Principle of Independent Assortment 25 of 41

20 Why Do Individuals of the Same Species Look Different? Why do some cats have short hair and some cats have long hair? Different allele for the same trait (HH/Hh or hh) HH/Hh (genotype) = short hair (phenotype) hh = long hair 26 of 41

21 What causes traits to be different among individuals? Why are there different alleles? Mutation in the gene Change in the nucleotide sequence (CAT CAA) Why does this cat have no fur? A mutation in the gene produces a new allele which results in a different protein or no protein. 27 of 41

22 Sources of genetic variation Mutations Crossing over Segregation Independent Assortment Occurs during Meiosis which occurs during sexual reproduction 28 of 41

23 Variation in the gene pool The greater the variation in the gene pool, the more opportunities for evolution to occur. What would happen to a small population with very little variation when faced with environmental change? What would happen to a small population with great genetic variation when faced with environmental change? What would happen to the frequency of an unfavorable allele? 32 of 41

24 What Drives Species To Change Over Time? Lamarck - scientist in the18 th -19 th century, one of the first scientists to propose a theory of evolution. He observed that: There was great variation in species Fossil record showed that species changed over time 33 of 41

25 What Drives Species To Change Over Time? Lamarck: one of the first scientists to propose a theory for evolution Inheritance of Acquired Traits As the giraffe reached for food, his neck would get longer This Acquired Trait would be passed on to his offspring But is this theory supported by evidence? 34 of 41

26 Selection As a Force of Evolution Artificial and Natural Selection are ways a population can evolve over time Both depend on natural variation in population However, only humans use artificial selection to produce organisms with specific traits 36 of 41

27 What Drives Natural Selection? Charles Darwin developed the Theory of Natural Selection to explain evolution. The following conditions must be met for natural selection to occur. Natural variation in a population Environmental change Habitat loss Climate change Predation/competition Struggle for Existence Limited resources/competition/predation 37 of 41

28 Do Now: Using your homework, make a Venn Diagram comparing Lamarck to Darwin. Test will be next Wednesday. 38 of 41

29 What is the Theory of Natural Selection? Must have: Phenotypic variation in inheritable traits Different colored beetles An environmental pressure that makes one form of a trait more favorable than others Results in biological adaptation 39 of 41

30 Biological Adaptation Biological adaptation: When species phenotype changes in response to environmental change; increases species chance for survival Occurs within a population over a very long time. Does not occur in an individual. Genetic variation must be present for adaptation to occur. Adaptation in a population will result in a change in allele frequency 40 of 41

31 Biological Adaptation If you are cold, you get a sweater however you have not adapted biologically to the cold, but you have adjusted your behavior. With your partner, develop an example of biological adaptation. Be ready to share with the class. 41 of 41

32 Struggle for Existence Predation Competition 42 of 41

33 Survival of the Fittest Does the survival of the fittest mean organisms that the strongest or biggest will survive? If not, what determines fitness? Fitness: organism s ability to survive in a particular environment, successfully reproduce and pass on favorable traits to offspring. 43 of 41

34 Case Study: Horse Evolution The ancestor to the modern horse was a small four legged animal living in the sheltered forests. As the environment warmed, the forests decreased and the horse was forced into a grassland environment. Given the lack of shelter from predators, the horse needed another way to escape from predators. Order the cards provided to show the evolution of the leg and hoof of the horse. Did the horse adapt to the environmental change or adjust to the changing environment? 44 of 41

35 Evolution by Natural Selection Descent With Modification Natural selection produces organisms that have different structures, establish different niches, or occupy different habitats. Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. Darwin referred to this principle as descent with modification. 45 of 41

36 Why would some traits become more common than others? 46 of 41

37 15-3 Continue to: - or - Click to Launch: 50 of 41

38 15-3 Differences among individuals of a single species are referred to as a. artificial selection. b. genetic variation. c. survival of the fittest. d. environmental adaptation. 52 of 41

39 15-3 Changes that increase a species' fitness in its environment over time are due to a. the principle of common descent. b. the geographic distribution of that species. c. natural selection. d. habitat selection. 53 of 41

40 15-3 An inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival is called a(an) a. homologous structure. b. vestigial organ. c. adaptation. d. analogous structure. 54 of 41

41 15-3 Evidence used by Darwin to support the idea of evolution included all the following EXCEPT a. fossils that demonstrate change over time. b. the genetic mechanism by which useful traits are inherited. c. the geographic distribution of living things. d. the presence of many homologous structures in plants and animals. 55 of 41

42 END OF SECTION

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