( Principles of Genetics) Shohreh Mashayekhan

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "( Principles of Genetics) Shohreh Mashayekhan"

Daniel Cook
5 years ago
Views:

1 اصول و مبانی ژنتیک ( Principles of Genetics) Shohreh Mashayekhan

2 اهداف: آشنایی با مباح ث مربوط به سلولها ساختار ژنتیکی آنها تکنیک هاي مربوط به دستکاري ژنتیکی و نهایتا کاربرد هاي متنوع تکنیک مهندسی ژنتیک در صنایع مختلف و پزشکی

3 سیلابس درس : 1- آشنایی با مبانی اولیه سلول معرفی انواع سلول شامل یوکاریوتها و پروکاریوتها ساختار اجزاي تشکیل دهنده و... فرآیند هاي مورد نیاز براي زنده ماندن اجزاي شیمیایی (مولکولهاي) موجود در سلول آشنایی با مبانی اولیه ژنتیک -1 2 مروري بر تاریخچه ژنتیک -2 2 ساختار ژن در یوکاریوتها و پروکاریوتها -3 2 چگونگی خوانده شدن ژن ) زا DNA تا پروتي ین) -4 2 کنترل بیان ژن 5-2 موتاسیون

4 3- مهندسی ژنتیک (اصول مقدماتی و روشها) 1-3 مقدمه -2 3 وکتورها براي کلونینگ ژن: پلاسمید ها و باکتریوفاژها -3 3 خالص سازي DNA از سلولهاي زنده و کار بر روي آن -4 3 وارد کردن وکتورهاي حامل ژن به داخل سلول میز بان -5 3 انتخاب کلونهاي حاوي ژن مورد نظر PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) کاربرد مهندسی ژنتیک در تحقیقات Sequencing Genes and Genomes مطالعه بیان و عملکرد ژن مطالعه ژنوم کاربرد مهندسی ژنتیک در بیوتکنولوژي تولید پروتي ین نوترکیب از ژن کلون شده کلونینگ ژن و آنالیز DNA در پزشکی کشاورزی و

5 References: 1. Lodish H. et al., Molecular Cell Biology, Albert B. et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, Pierce B., Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, Brown T.A., Gene Cloning & DNA Analysis: An Introduction, 2010.

6 1- آشنایی با مبانی اولیھ سلول Biologists are interested in objects ranging in size from small molecules to the tallest trees:

7 Cell Basic building blocks of life Understanding of cell morphology is critical to the study of biotechnology Smallest living unit of an organism Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment

8 Life begins with cells Morphological varieties of cells

9 All cells are Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

transcribed into RNA and then translate into protein Include all plant and animal cells Have organelles and a nucleus

10 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Are mostly bacteria Genes usually do not have introns Between 500 and 4000 genes Unicellular Have cell membrane Have DNA Have cytoplasm Hereditary info stored in DNA, transcribed into RNA and then translate into protein Include all plant and animal cells Have organelles and a nucleus Have membranes surrounding organelles Large genome size Between 6,000 and 30,000 genes Genes have introns Unicellular or multicellular

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes classification Prokaryotes Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes Unicellular Protists Fungi Multicellular Animal Plant

11 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes classification Prokaryotes Bacteria Archaea Eukaryotes Unicellular Protists Fungi Multicellular Animal Plant Ostreococcus is the smallest known free living eukaryote with an average size of 0.8 µm Viruses : Must infect a host cell to grow and reproduce

12 Prokaryote cells Simplest organisms Cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane and encased in a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. No distinct interior compartments gram-positive thick single layer wall that retains a violet dye from Gram stain procedure gram-negative multilayered wall does not retain dye Susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics depends on cell wall structure.

13 Prokaryotic cells Some use flagellum for locomotion threadlike structures protruding from cell surface

14 Bacterial cell morphology

15 Examples:

16 Classification of bacteria Bacteria can be classified on the basis of cell structure, cellular metabolism or on differences in cell components such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, etc. Gram staining Aerobic/Anaerobic Gram positive Gram negative possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Bacterial nutrition Autotrophic Heterotrophic 16S ribosomal RNA

17 Eukaryote cells Characterized by compartmentalization by an endomembrane system, and the presence of membrane-bound organelles. Central vacuole Vesicles (smaller) Chromosomes - DNA and protein Cytoskeleton (internal protein scaffolding) Cell walls plants and fungi

18 Basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells General eukaryotic cell

19 Nucleus

20 Nucleus

21 Chromosomes DNA of eukaryotes is divided into linear chromosomes. exist as strands of chromatin, except during cell division associated with packaging histones, packaging proteins nucleosomes

22 Chromosomes to DNA

23 Mitochondria A. "Powerhouse of the cell" - cellular metabolism B. Structure- outer and inner membranes, cristae C. Have their own DNA

24 Endoplasmic reticulums Compartmentalizes cell, channeling passage of molecules through cell s interior. Endoplasmic reticulum Rough ER - studded with ribosomes, synthesize protein Smooth ER - few ribosomes, synthesize lipids and steroids, metabolize carbohydrates and steroids, and regulate calcium concentration, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins.

25 Ribosomes Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes composed of two subunits that join and attach to messenger RNA. site of protein synthesis assembled in nucleoli

26 Protein synthesis in ribosome:

27 Cytoplasm Microtubules Intermediate filaments Actin

28 Cell Observation 1. Optical microscope which uses light to image the sample. 2. Electron microscope (TEM and SEM)

Principles of Cellular Biology

Principles of Cellular Biology آشنایی با مبانی اولیه سلول Biologists are interested in objects ranging in size from small molecules to the tallest trees: Cell Basic building blocks of life Understanding