1. Know the hierarchy of organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal

Transcription

1 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomical Organization 1. Know the hierarchy of organization: chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal 2. Be able to identify and describe the necessary life functions a. Boundaries b. Movement c. Responsiveness d. Digestion e. Metabolism f. Excretion g. Reproduction h. Growth 2. Be able to identify and describe homeostasis a. Positive and negative feedback 3. Know the definitions of all anatomical terms described in class and posted on the course website (see announcements) 4. Know the body planes 5. Know the body cavities a. Cranial b. Vertebral c. Thoracic i. Pleural d. Mediastinum i. Pericardial e. Abdominopelvic i. Abdominal ii. Pelvic 6. Be able to identify and describe the components of serosa membranes Cellular Biology 1. Know the structure of the generalized cell 2. Know the fluid-mosaic model of the plasma membrane a. Phospholipid bilayer b. Integral and peripheral proteins 3. For membranes, know: a. Functions b. Types of cellular connections

2 4. Know the different types of membrane transport a. Diffusion i. Simple ii. Osmosis iii. Facilitated b. Filtration c. Active transport d. Bulk transport i. Exocytosis ii. Endocytosis 5. Know the different types of endocytosis 6. Be able to describe the basic function of cytoplasmic organelles a. Mitochondria b. Ribosomes c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi apparatus e. Lysosomes 7. Be able to describe the endomembrane system 8. Know the structure and function of the nucleus a. Envelope b. Chromatin 9. Know the two periods of the cell cycle a. Interphase b. Mitosis (meiosis) 10. Know the subphases of interphase and the events occurring in each 11. Know the phases of mitosis and the events occurring in each a. Prophase b. Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase e. Cytokinesis 12. Be able to describe the chromosomal and DNA makeup during each phase of mitosis 13. Be able to describe the two nuclear divisions that occur during meiosis a. Know the events that occur during each b. Know the chromosomal and DNA makeup during each phase 14. For cancer, know: a. Definitions of neoplasia, dystrophy and dysplasia b. Types of dysplasia i. Aplasia ii. Hyperplasia c. Difference between benign and malignant tumors d. Difference between carcinomas and sarcomas

3 15. Know the risk factors that contribute to the epidemiology of cancer 16. Know the etiology of cancer neoplastic transformation. Epithelial Tissue 1. For each type of tissue, know: a. Functions b. Cell types c. Fibers d. Fluids 2. Know the basic characteristics of epithelial tissue a. Cellularity: close-packed cells with limited extracellular material b. Cellular connections i. Tight junctions ii. Desmosomes c. Cellular organization i. Apical surface in contact with fluid or air ii. Basal cell layer in contact with basement membrane (lamina) d. Connective tissue support i. All epithelial sheets are supported by connective tissue ii. Deep to the basement lamina is a layer of connective tissue reticular lamina iii. e. Innervated receives nervous innervation f. Avascular contains no blood vessels g. Highly regenerative Basement lamina + reticular lamina = basement membrane i. Cells are replaced rapidly by cell division ii. Cell loss due to friction and contact with hostile environments 3. For each subtype of epithelial tissue, know the number of cell layers, cell and nuclear shape, functions, locations, and any unique modifications a. Simple i. Squamous ii. Cuboidal iii. Columnar b. Pseudostratified columnar c. Stratified i. Squamous ii. Cuboidal iii. Columnar iv. Transitional Glandular Epithelial Tissue 1. Know the classification of glandular epithelia 2. Know what glands and secretions are a. Exocrine verses endocrine b. Multicellular verses unicellular

4 3. Know the structure of ducts a. Simple i. Single unbranched duct b. Compound i. Branched duct 4. Know the structure of secretory elements a. Tubular i. Secretory cells form a tube b. Alveolar i. Secretory cells form a flask-like sac c. Tubuloalveolar i. Contain both 5. Know the classification of glands based on how product is secreted a. Merocrine glands i. Secrete via exocytosis without altering secretory cell b. Holocrine glands i. Accumulate products until cell bursts, releasing secretory products, then dies c. Apocine glands i. Accumulate products just beneath free surface ii. Top of cell is removed and products are released iii. Cell is repaired Connective Tissue 1. Know the functions of connective tissue 2. Know the common characteristics that are shared by all connective tissue a. Origin all connective arise from mesenchyme b. Vascularity varies based on type c. Extracellular matrix d. Ground substance e. Fibers i. Collagen fibers made from collagen; strong, high tensile strength ii. Elastic fibers made from elastin; stretches and recoils to bring tissue back to normal shape iii. Reticular fibers collagenous; branched and form networks; surround small blood vessels and support tissue of organs f. Cells blasts and cytes 3. For each type of connective tissue, know the functions, locations, type of cells, fibers, matrix composition, and any unique modifications a. Loose connective tissue i. Areolar ii. Adipose iii. Reticular b. Dense connective tissue i. Dense regular ii. Dense irregular iii. Elastic c. Mesenchyme d. Cartilage

5 i. Hyaline ii. Elastic iii. Fibrocartilage e. Bone f. Blood Integumentary System 1. Know the basic characteristics of the three regions of the skin a. Epidermis b. Dermis c. Hypodermis 2. For each cell type found in the epidermis, know the functions, locations and any unique modifications a. Keratinocytes b. Melanocytes c. Merkel cells d. Langerhan s cells 3. For each epidermal layer, know number of cell layers, cells present, function, and any unique modifications a. Stratum basale (stratum germinativum) deepest layer i. Single layer of mitotically active cells ii. Give rise to keratinocytes (youngest) iii. Includes melanocytes and some Merkel cells b. Stratum spinosum (Prickly layer) weblike network of cells formed by intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes i. Comprised of keratinocytes ii. Includes melanin granules and Langerhans cells c. Stratum granulosum thick; 3-5 cell layers; keratinocytes are modified i. Flattened; nuclei and organelles lost ii. Keratohylaline and lamellated granules accumulate iii. Lamellated granules are glycoproteins, released into extracellular space, that reduce water loss iv. Cells more resistant to destruction d. Stratum lucidum a few rows of clear, flattened, dead keratinocytes; layer occurs only in thick skin i. Keratohyalin granules gummy substance associated with keratin filaments ii. Cells aggregate in parallel arrays e. Stratum corneum (Horny layer) outer most layer; most of epidermis thickness i cell layers thick ii. Keratin, thickened plasma membranes and glycoproteins protect against abrasion and loss of water iii. Cornified or horny cells remnants of cells from this layer 4. For the dermal layer, know its structure, cells present, nervous and vascular supply, and any unique modifications 5. Know the factors that contribute to skin color 6. Know the different types of skin appendages

6 7. Know the different types of sweat glands a. Eccrine i. Coiled, tubular ii. Palms, soles of feet iii. Duct opens to pore on surface iv. Hypotonic secretion v. Regulated by sympathetic NS a. Involuntary b. Apocrine i. Large; ducts empty into hair follicle ii. Axillary and anogenital areas iii. Interaction with skin bacteria results in odor c. Ceruminous modified apocrine i. Ear canal; cerumen (wax) d. Mammary produce milk 8. Know the basic characteristics of sebaceous glands 9. Know the basic functions of the integumentary system a. Protection b. Body temperature regulation c. Sensation d. Metabolism e. Excretion f. Blood reservoir Skeletal Tissue 1. Be able to classify bone based on type and shape a. Type i. Spongy ii. Compact b. Shape i. Long bone ii. Short bone iii. Flat bone iv. Irregular bone 2. Know the gross anatomy of long and flat bones a. Diaphysis: shaft; long axis b. Epiphysis: bone ends c. Membranes i. Periosteum ii. Endosteum 3. Know the structure of an osteon a. Concentric rings: lamella b. Central (Haversian) canal: core of osteon c. Perpendicular canals (perforating or Volkmanns) d. Lacunae: cavities containing osteocytes e. Canaliculi: connect lacunae to each other and central canal

7 4. Know the chemical composition of bone 5. Know how bone is formed via intramembranous and endochondral ossification 6. Know the hormonal control of bone homeostasis a. PTH b. Calcitonin Axial Skeleton 1. For the cranial bones discussed in class, know the location, function, articulations, and any unique modification a. Paired i. Parietal ii. Temporal b. Unpaired i. Frontal ii. Occipital iii. Sphenoid iv. Ethmoid 2. Know the four cranial sutures a. Coronal b. Sagittal c. Squamous d. Lamboid 3. For the facial bones discussed in class, know the location, function, articulations, and any unique modification a. Unpaired i. Mandible ii. Vomer b. Paired i. Maxillae ii. Zygomatics iii. Nasals iv. Lacrimals v. Palatines 4. Know how the various bones contribute to the surface and three-dimensional anatomy of the cranial vault and face a. Dorsal, lateral, anterior, posterior, and ventral surfaces b. Floor of the cranial vault c. Eye orbit d. Nasal cavity

8 Appendicular Skeleton 1. Know the general of the appendicular skeleton 2. Know the structure and general characteristics of the pectoral girdle 3. Know the structure and bones of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand 4. Know the structure and general characteristics of the pelvic girdle 5. Know the structure and bones of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot