BIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Spring 2011 Section A. Steve Thompson:

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1 BIOL 1030 Introduction to Biology: Organismal Biology. Spring 2011 Section A Steve Thompson: stthompson@valdosta.edu 1

2 And now on to something you all should be able to really relate to... Tissue and organ systems in animals, including us! Animals cells differentiate and specialize into tissues, and tissues are organized and compartmentalized into organs for particular tasks. We ll do an overview today, and then look at each system in more depth during the next several lectures. Also see: 2

3 Review organizational hierarchy in the body: Cells we learned all about during the first half of the course. Tissues groups of cells that interact to provide specific functions. Organs made of two or more interacting tissues. Organ systems two or more organs joined physically or functionally. 3

4 There are four basic tissue types in animals we ll start with epithelial. Epithelial tissue coats the body s internal and external surfaces with one or more layers of tightly packed cells. These cells provide protection, nutrient absorption, and gas diffusion. They also... Form glands that secrete substances such as hormones, saliva, tears, mucus, enzymes, milk or sweat. They always have a free surface exposed either to the outside or to a space within the body. And the... Opposite surface is anchored to other tissues by a basement membrane. Tight junctions may join the cells into leak-proof sheets. They are classified by shape and by the number of cell layers. 4

5 We ll look at six types; first: One: 5

6 Second: Two: 6

7 Third: Three: 7

8 Fourth: Four: 8

9 Fifth: Five: 9

10 And finally, sixth: Six: 10

11 Next, connective tissue... Composes much of the body and is the most variable tissue type. It fills spaces, attaches epithelium to other tissues, protects and cushions organs, and provides mechanical support. Unlike epithelial tissue, connective tissue never coats any body surface. The cells of connective tissue are embedded in an extracellular matrix of nonliving substances. Of the many cell types in connective tissue... Fibroblasts manufacture and secrete collagen and elastin protein fibers into the matrix (except in blood). They also... Secrete the ground substance (a mix of several organic and inorganic molecules). It may be solid as in bone, liquid as in blood, or semisolid as in cartilage. Connective tissues are... Characterized by cell specializations, the matrix composition, and the proportion of live cells to inert matrix. 11

12 We ll look at six of these as well; first, loose: One: 12

13 Next, dense: Two: 13

14 Third, adipose, i.e. fat: Three: 14

15 Fourth, blood: Four: 15

16 Fifth, cartilage: Five: 16

17 And last, but not least, bone: Six: 17

18 Next, nervous tissue... Conveys information within an animal s body from external and internal stimuli. This time there are two different cell types involved: 1) Neurons form communication networks that receive, process, and transmit information. They can connect to one another at synapses, they can begin at receptors (or the brain), and they can end at muscles or glands (or the brain). 2) Whereas, neuroglia are support cells that assist neurons in their functioning, e.g. Schwann cells that form the insulator myelin, and astrocytes in the brain and spinal cord. 18

19 First the neuron: The Schwann neuroglial cells provide myelin (think insulation). 19

20 And the neuroglial central nervous system support cell, the astrocyte is.... Only found in the brain and spinal cord. 20

21 And the last major tissue type muscle. Muscle cells contract (become shorter) when protein filaments slide (ratchet) past one another. They have... Abundant mitochondria for energy for contraction. There are three different types of muscle: 1) Skeletal cells called muscle fibers have many nuclei, are striated, attach to bone, and are under voluntary control. 2) Cardiac only occur in the heart, are striated, and are under involuntary control. 3) Smooth are not striated, are under involuntary control, and push food along the intestines, control the diameter of blood vessels, and control pupil size. 21

22 Here s the three types, first, skeletal: 22

23 Second, cardiac: 23

24 And, third, smooth: 24

25 In review: And see 25

26 These four tissue types organize into five major groups of organ systems. 1) Communication: Nervous system Endocrine system 2) Support and movement: Skeletal system Muscular system 3) Acquiring energy: Digestive system Circulatory system Respiratory system 4) Protection: Integumentary system skin and outgrowths Urinary system Immune system Lymphatic system 5) Reproduction: Reproductive system 26

27 In turn each of these... 27

28 28

29 29

30 30

31 And reproductive not needed for our survival, but definitely required for our continued existence (and a lot of fun!) 31

32 All of these systems work together to provide homeostasis. Most of an animal s body is water. This water is in each cell, in the blood s plasma,... And in the interstitial (inside the body, but outside the cells) fluid that bathes most of the body s cells. This internal environment must be kept constant, especially regarding the concentration of solutes. However, the external environment changes constantly. Homeostasis to maintain a state of internal constancy. And tissues and organs work together to try to maintain this state of homeostasis. 32

33 Some examples of various organ systems working together to maintain homeostasis include... 33

34 Feedback loops help, and come in two flavors. 1) Negative feedback: The most common mechanism for maintaining homeostasis (think thermostat); An action counters an existing condition; Sensors monitor a variable, and an... Effector s response counteracts the change. 2) Positive feedback: A much less common mechanism; It does not maintain homeostasis; It amplifies a change in reaction to that change; Examples include blood clotting and milk secretion; Other mechanisms eventually take over to restore homeostasis. 34

35 A negative feedback example that is easy to relate to is a home thermostat. Here s the example with a furnace; the same reasoning applies to A/C. 35

36 The integumentary system is a major component of homeostasis. It consists of the skin, hair, nails, and several types of glands. It has two major layers: 1) Epidermis the outermost layer, consists of stratified squamous epithelium, and also contains... Keratinocytes, which produce keratin, and... Melanocytes, which produce melanin. 2) Dermis a dense collagen-rich connective tissue below the epidermis. Many muscles, nerve endings, and receptors are located here; It also produces hair/fur/feathers from follicle cells; And it has many glands sweat, mammary, and sebaceous. This all helps to maintain homeostasis by, e.g. regulating body temperature, conserving water, and synthesizing vitamin D. 36

37 Here s an overview table. 37

38 And a closeup of just what skin is... 38

39 Now the results from last week s exam on plant physiology: Mean Score 67.5% Highest Score 98.7% Lowest Score 25.3% Nice shift in the right direction, but what s up with the peak at 55! 39

40 These tests are ready for you to pick up. However... I really need to remind you how very important it is for you to do so two reasons: 1) The final is built directly from them, and 2) The Scantron system can and does make mistakes! When you pick them up doesn t really matter anytime my door is open but you really should. 40

41 Now, here s some of those questions that around half or more of you got wrong... Which of the following are not actually specialized plant leaves? A. Most shrub and tree thorns B. Flower sepals and petals C. Onion or garlic bulbs D. Cacti spines Which of the following is not a specialized plant root? A. A Bald Cypress knee B. A potato C. A carrot D. A beet Which of the following substances is not something primarily absorbed by plant roots? A. Phosphorous B. Potassium C. Nitrogen D. Carbon 41

42 Water and minerals can move through a root s intracellular pathway from one cell to another through: A. The Casparian strip B. Companion cells C. Plasmodesmata D. Stomata An impermeable tissue in plants that forces absorbed water to pass through the live endodermis is (are): A. The Casparian strip B. Companion cells C. Plasmodesmata D. Stomata Key Angiosperm adaptations that contribute to their success, that are not possessed by Gymnosperms are: A. The production of flowers and fruits B. The production of pollen C. The production of seeds D. The production of spores 42

43 Higher plant alternation of generations means that higher plants have a: A. Conspicuous diploid sporophyte generation and inconspicuous haploid gametophyte generation B. Conspicuous haploid sporophyte generation and inconspicuous diploid gametophyte generation C. Inconspicuous diploid sporophyte generation and conspicuous haploid gametophyte generation D. Inconspicuous haploid sporophyte generation and conspicuous diploid gametophyte generation In most all multicellular, sexual organisms creates haploid cells, and creates a zygote. A. Mitosis, pollination B. Mitosis, fertilization C. Meiosis, pollination D. Meiosis, fertilization 43

44 Fruit functions do not include which of the following? A. Protection and then dispersal of the seeds by animals eating the fruit, and then defecating the seeds B. Protection and then dispersal of seeds by the fur of animals (or clothing of humans) C. Protection of the seeds and then nourishment of the developing embryos D. Protection and then dispersal of seeds by the wind or rain A plant biochemical that stimulates cell elongation in above ground portions of a plant is: A. Cytokinin B. Giberellin C. Ethylene D. Auxin A plant biochemical that stimulates both cell division and elongation in most parts of a plant is: A. Cytokinin B. Giberellin C. Ethylene D. Auxin 44

45 What did you fill in on the left /top end of the computerized answer sheet? A. Nothing! B. The wrong VSU student ID! C. Only the printed number, no bubbles! D. My VSU student ID, printed and correctly bubbled in Sure, you are all now finally answering this correctly, but four of you did NOT do what it says either you didn t bubble in ANY student ID, or you somehow screwed it up, so it did not register with the computer! Next time we start on animal physiology in more depth, beginning with the nervous system and the senses. See you then. 45

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