Mitochondria. Nickname: Batteries. bean shaped. Structure: Function: provides energy for the cell (powerhouse of the cell)

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1 The Cell

2 #1 Mitochondria

3 Mitochondria Nickname: Batteries Structure: bean shaped Function: provides energy for the cell (powerhouse of the cell)

4 Mitochondria

5 #2 Nucleus

6 Nucleus Nickname: Structure: Function: Brain -central, large sphere -surrounded by a nuclear membrane -contains the chromosomes (DNA) -controls all cell activity

7 Nucleus Chromatin Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum

8 #3 Endoplasmic Reticulum

9 Endoplasmic Reticulum Nickname: Subway System Structure: -tubes that connect the nucleus to the cytoplasm -Rough ER has ribosomes -Smooth ER has NO ribosomes Function: -transports materials

10

11 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Has ribosomes

12 #4 Cell Membrane

13 Cell Membrane Nickname: skin Structure: -has 2 layers -it is the outer boundary Function: 1) Holds the cell together 2) Controls what goes in and out of the cell

14

15 #5 Golgi Bodies

16 Golgi Bodies Nickname: Packaging Factory Structure: -folds of membrane Function: -packages materials for transport

17

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19 #6 Lysosome

20 Lysosome Nickname: Stomach Structure: -small sphere -contains digestive juices Function: -digests molecules

21 Lysosomes

22 #7 Vacuole

23 Vacuole Nickname: Suitcase Structure: -large bubble like container Function: -stores food or waste

24 Vacuoles

25 #8 Cytoplasm

26 Cytoplasm Nickname:? Structure: -jelly like fluid that fills the cell Function: 1) gives the cell shape 2) contains nutrients/food for the cell

27

28 #9 Leave it blank for now

29 #10 Nucleolus

30 Nucleolus Nickname: brain in a brain Structure: -small sphere inside nucleus Function: -control center for nucleus

31 Nucleus Nucleolus

32 Movie: Parts of an Animal Cell

33 Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Similarities & Differences

34 Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Similarities Similarities & Differences -nucleus -cell membrane -cytoplasm These are the most important organelles b/c they all cells have them.

35 Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Differences Similarities & Differences Animal Cell Round shape Lysosomes No cell wall No chloroplasts Plant Cell Square shape No lysosomes Cell wall Chloroplasts

36 Cell Specialization Cells vary in: -shape -size -internal structure Why is this important? -different cells perform different functions

37 Nerve Cells

38 Nerve Cells Characteristics: -very long allows messages to go from brain to hand -branching messages sent to coordinate many activities all at the same time

39 Skeletal Muscle Cell

40 Skeletal Muscle Cell Characteristics: -very long -many nuclei lots of nuclei to control the whole length of muscle -many mitochondria muscle requires a lot of energy

41 Red Blood Cells

42 Red Blood Cells Characteristics -concave shape -very small allows cell to bend in order to fit through tiny blood vessels

43 Movie: Types of Human Cells

44 How do things get in and out of the cell?

45 The cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell a.k.a. Selective Permeability Selective: choosy Permeable: porous or has holes Ex: rain coat is not permeable Sweater is permeable

46 The cell membrane must be permeable (have holes in it) because: 1. Nutrients, water and oxygen must enter 2. Waste must exit (a build-up up is toxic!) The cell membrane is selective because: 1. Not everything can enter or exit (ex: viruses)

47 Molecules that must be able to get in and out of the cell Nutrients Oxygen Water Waste Virus

48 Entering & Exiting There are 3 ways to enter and exit the cell: 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Endocytosis a. Phagocytosis b. Pinocytosis Passively (no effort from the cell) Actively (cell makes it happen)

49 1. Diffusion The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

50 2. Osmosis The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

51 3. Endocytosis/Exocytosis Sometimes, molecules are too large to pass through the cell membrane. Endocytosis is used for large molecules to enter a cell. a) Phagocytosis cell eating b) Pinocytosis cell drinking Exocytosis is used for large molecules to exit a cell.

52 Endocytosis

53 Endocytosis The cell membrane invaginates (forms a pocket) which engulfs the large molecules and brings them into the cell.

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55

56 Movie: Endocytosis & Exocytosis

57 Movie: The Double Helix

58 DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DNA is genetic information. The blueprint for the development & appearance of every living thing. Shape: Double helix

59 Chromosomes are made up of DNA They are found in the nucleus

60 Chromosomes Humans have exactly 46 chromosomes.

61

62 2 Categories of Cells Somatic Cells (body cells) Ex: skin cells bone cells These cells are diploid 46 chromosomes Divide by Mitosis

63 But what happens when a baby is made? A baby is created from a sperm & an egg Does that mean the baby has chromosomes (total: 92)? What has to happen for a baby to get only 46 chromosomes?

64 2 Categories of cells Somatic Cells (body cells) Gametes (reproductive cells) Ex: skin cells bone cells Ex: sperm cells ovum (egg cells) These cells are diploid 46 chromosomes Divide by Mitosis These cells are haploid 23 chromosomes Divide by Meiosis

65 But what happens when a baby is made? Since the sperm and egg have only half of the necessary chromosomes (23 each) together they will create a baby with exactly 46 chromosomes.

66 In order to produce more cells, cells divide 2 types of Cell Division: -Mitosis -Meiosis

67 Do Somatic Cells Need to Reproduce?

68 Do Somatic Cells Need to Reproduce? Yes! To replace old cells To replace damaged cells For growth

69 Mitosis (somatic cells) 1. Everything inside the cell is duplicated (copied). 2. The cell then divides into two identical cells. These cells are identical in every way. They are clones. They are diploid.

70 Mitosis Chromosomes are duplicated Cell Division occurs (Mitosis)

71 Meiosis (reproductive cells) 1. Everything inside the cell is duplicated (copied). 2. The cell then divides TWICE to form 4 cells with half the number of chromosomes These are the gametes (egg and sperm cells) They are haploid

72 Meiosis Chromosomes are duplicated 1 st Cell Division 2 nd Cell Division

73 Movie: Mitosis

74 Phase 1: Interphase 1. Each chromosome makes a copy of itself 2. Chromosomes still appear as Chromatin

75 Phase 2: Prophase 1. Chromosomes now visible 2. Spindle fibers stretch across the cell 3. Nuclear membrane disappears

76 Phase 3: Metaphase 1. Chromosomes line up at center of cell 2. Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes

77 Phase 4: Anaphase 1. Spindle fibers pull chromosome pairs apart towards opposite sides of cell

78 Phase 5: Telophase 1. Nuclear membrane reappears 2. Cell pinches apart to form 2 new cells

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93 Movie: Meiosis

NAME: PERIOD: The Cell and Its Functions

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