Mitochondria. Nickname: Batteries. bean shaped. Structure: Function: provides energy for the cell (powerhouse of the cell)
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1 The Cell
2 #1 Mitochondria
3 Mitochondria Nickname: Batteries Structure: bean shaped Function: provides energy for the cell (powerhouse of the cell)
4 Mitochondria
5 #2 Nucleus
6 Nucleus Nickname: Structure: Function: Brain -central, large sphere -surrounded by a nuclear membrane -contains the chromosomes (DNA) -controls all cell activity
7 Nucleus Chromatin Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum
8 #3 Endoplasmic Reticulum
9 Endoplasmic Reticulum Nickname: Subway System Structure: -tubes that connect the nucleus to the cytoplasm -Rough ER has ribosomes -Smooth ER has NO ribosomes Function: -transports materials
10
11 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Has ribosomes
12 #4 Cell Membrane
13 Cell Membrane Nickname: skin Structure: -has 2 layers -it is the outer boundary Function: 1) Holds the cell together 2) Controls what goes in and out of the cell
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15 #5 Golgi Bodies
16 Golgi Bodies Nickname: Packaging Factory Structure: -folds of membrane Function: -packages materials for transport
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19 #6 Lysosome
20 Lysosome Nickname: Stomach Structure: -small sphere -contains digestive juices Function: -digests molecules
21 Lysosomes
22 #7 Vacuole
23 Vacuole Nickname: Suitcase Structure: -large bubble like container Function: -stores food or waste
24 Vacuoles
25 #8 Cytoplasm
26 Cytoplasm Nickname:? Structure: -jelly like fluid that fills the cell Function: 1) gives the cell shape 2) contains nutrients/food for the cell
27
28 #9 Leave it blank for now
29 #10 Nucleolus
30 Nucleolus Nickname: brain in a brain Structure: -small sphere inside nucleus Function: -control center for nucleus
31 Nucleus Nucleolus
32 Movie: Parts of an Animal Cell
33 Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Similarities & Differences
34 Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Similarities Similarities & Differences -nucleus -cell membrane -cytoplasm These are the most important organelles b/c they all cells have them.
35 Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells Differences Similarities & Differences Animal Cell Round shape Lysosomes No cell wall No chloroplasts Plant Cell Square shape No lysosomes Cell wall Chloroplasts
36 Cell Specialization Cells vary in: -shape -size -internal structure Why is this important? -different cells perform different functions
37 Nerve Cells
38 Nerve Cells Characteristics: -very long allows messages to go from brain to hand -branching messages sent to coordinate many activities all at the same time
39 Skeletal Muscle Cell
40 Skeletal Muscle Cell Characteristics: -very long -many nuclei lots of nuclei to control the whole length of muscle -many mitochondria muscle requires a lot of energy
41 Red Blood Cells
42 Red Blood Cells Characteristics -concave shape -very small allows cell to bend in order to fit through tiny blood vessels
43 Movie: Types of Human Cells
44 How do things get in and out of the cell?
45 The cell membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell a.k.a. Selective Permeability Selective: choosy Permeable: porous or has holes Ex: rain coat is not permeable Sweater is permeable
46 The cell membrane must be permeable (have holes in it) because: 1. Nutrients, water and oxygen must enter 2. Waste must exit (a build-up up is toxic!) The cell membrane is selective because: 1. Not everything can enter or exit (ex: viruses)
47 Molecules that must be able to get in and out of the cell Nutrients Oxygen Water Waste Virus
48 Entering & Exiting There are 3 ways to enter and exit the cell: 1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Endocytosis a. Phagocytosis b. Pinocytosis Passively (no effort from the cell) Actively (cell makes it happen)
49 1. Diffusion The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
50 2. Osmosis The movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
51 3. Endocytosis/Exocytosis Sometimes, molecules are too large to pass through the cell membrane. Endocytosis is used for large molecules to enter a cell. a) Phagocytosis cell eating b) Pinocytosis cell drinking Exocytosis is used for large molecules to exit a cell.
52 Endocytosis
53 Endocytosis The cell membrane invaginates (forms a pocket) which engulfs the large molecules and brings them into the cell.
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56 Movie: Endocytosis & Exocytosis
57 Movie: The Double Helix
58 DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid DNA is genetic information. The blueprint for the development & appearance of every living thing. Shape: Double helix
59 Chromosomes are made up of DNA They are found in the nucleus
60 Chromosomes Humans have exactly 46 chromosomes.
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62 2 Categories of Cells Somatic Cells (body cells) Ex: skin cells bone cells These cells are diploid 46 chromosomes Divide by Mitosis
63 But what happens when a baby is made? A baby is created from a sperm & an egg Does that mean the baby has chromosomes (total: 92)? What has to happen for a baby to get only 46 chromosomes?
64 2 Categories of cells Somatic Cells (body cells) Gametes (reproductive cells) Ex: skin cells bone cells Ex: sperm cells ovum (egg cells) These cells are diploid 46 chromosomes Divide by Mitosis These cells are haploid 23 chromosomes Divide by Meiosis
65 But what happens when a baby is made? Since the sperm and egg have only half of the necessary chromosomes (23 each) together they will create a baby with exactly 46 chromosomes.
66 In order to produce more cells, cells divide 2 types of Cell Division: -Mitosis -Meiosis
67 Do Somatic Cells Need to Reproduce?
68 Do Somatic Cells Need to Reproduce? Yes! To replace old cells To replace damaged cells For growth
69 Mitosis (somatic cells) 1. Everything inside the cell is duplicated (copied). 2. The cell then divides into two identical cells. These cells are identical in every way. They are clones. They are diploid.
70 Mitosis Chromosomes are duplicated Cell Division occurs (Mitosis)
71 Meiosis (reproductive cells) 1. Everything inside the cell is duplicated (copied). 2. The cell then divides TWICE to form 4 cells with half the number of chromosomes These are the gametes (egg and sperm cells) They are haploid
72 Meiosis Chromosomes are duplicated 1 st Cell Division 2 nd Cell Division
73 Movie: Mitosis
74 Phase 1: Interphase 1. Each chromosome makes a copy of itself 2. Chromosomes still appear as Chromatin
75 Phase 2: Prophase 1. Chromosomes now visible 2. Spindle fibers stretch across the cell 3. Nuclear membrane disappears
76 Phase 3: Metaphase 1. Chromosomes line up at center of cell 2. Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
77 Phase 4: Anaphase 1. Spindle fibers pull chromosome pairs apart towards opposite sides of cell
78 Phase 5: Telophase 1. Nuclear membrane reappears 2. Cell pinches apart to form 2 new cells
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93 Movie: Meiosis
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