A foreign-exchange student is assigned to our school district. You are in charge of taking him/her on a tour of our community.

Transcription

1 A foreign-exchange student is assigned to our school district. You are in charge of taking him/her on a tour of our community. What conclusions can be drawn by focusing on the buildings and other structures in our community? What would he/she think the residents of St. Charles believe to be important? Which buildings are well-cared for and valued? How is the community configured? Is there logic behind its organization?

2 The City

3 A city is a collection of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics. Each city contains a central place and its hinterland.

4 Six Basic Characteristics of Cities Cities: 1. possess dense concentrations of people. 2. are distinguished by functional complexity. 3. are centers of institutional power associated with the business, governmental, or cultural activities of that place. the ability of a city to support sizeable concentrations of people who earn their living from specialized, nonfarming activities.

5 Six Basic Characteristics of Cities Cities: 4. are dynamic, human-created environments that possess complex patterns of specialized land use. 5. Cities are linked, via trade, transportation, or communication to other urban and rural places 6. are full of contradictions. -they are hubs of creativity, opportunity, and hope but are simultaneously also places of poverty, deprivation, and despair.

6 Review What does a central place refer to? A settlement that provides goods and services for its residents and its surrounding trade or market area. What is the hinterland of the central place? The trade area served by a central place. What is functional complexity? The ability of a town or city to support sizeable concentrations of people who earn a living from specialized, non-farming activities.

7 Urbanized Area: the built-up space of the central city and suburbs distinctively non-rural/nonagricultural and developed for commercial, residential and industrial purposes US Census = at least 2,500 people with a population density of 1,000 people per square mile Definition varies by country Japan 50,000 people Australia 1,000 people

8 Metropolitan Area: At least 50,000 people The adjacent areas that are socially and economically connected to it The places that generally send commuters into the city.

9 Minneapolis/St. Paul Metropolitan Area City of Minneapolis City of St. Paul Central Place Hinterland

10 Megalopolis -a massive urban complex created by converging metropolitan areas. Bo-Wash Corridor Tokaido Belt (Japan)

11 City Organization Most cities are defined by a boundary or city limits. The area within the boundary is referred to as the central city.

12 The Central Business District Downtown CBD CBD contains consumer, business and public services Usually one of the oldest parts of the city Historically the best and visually distinctive area of a city Focal point of business and transportation

13 The Central Business CONSUMER SERVICES District (Cont.) Consumer Services Servicing workers in the CBD Consumer focused Personal Services Large department stores moved to suburbs Business Services Facilitate other services Communications Transportation Public Services Provide protection and security Tax based Government offices BUSINESS SERVICES PUBLIC SERVICES

14 The Burbs Suburbs Built-up areas that surround the city Included as part of the metropolitan area Is St. Charles a suburb of Rochester?

15 Urbanization -the processes that concentrates people in urban areas. Level of Urbanization % of people in a given country living in cities Only considered urbanized if more than 50% of its population lives in urban areas Rate of Urban Growth The rate of annual % increase moving into cities

16 Urbanization Most of the World s largest cities are in LDCs ~47% urban population Higher percentage of people in MDCs live in urban areas ~78% urban population Percentage of People in Cities Urban population a measure of country development Increase with time (why?)

17 Most Urbanized Regions: Today, the most urbanized regions: Northern America (82%) Latin America and the Caribbean (80%) Europe (73%). In contrast, Africa and Asia remain mostly rural, with 40% and 48% urban. Africa and Asia are urbanizing faster than the other regions and are projected to become 56% and 64% urban, respectively, by 2050.

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19 World Urbanization Rates Over Time: 3% % % % % % ???? By 2050 = ~70%

20 Mapping the Distribution of Urban Areas Today 2) Describe how the general geographic spread of the world s major cities changes from 1950 to ) Discuss some of the possibilities for why the distribution has changed over this rather short period of time.

21 Review What is the CBD and what services does it provide? A settlement that provides goods and services for its residents and its surrounding trade or market area. A country is only considered urbanized if more than % 50 of its population lives in urban areas? What is functional complexity? The ability of a town or city to support sizeable concentrations of people who earn a living from specialized, non-farming activities.

22 The result of high urbanization rates Urbanization, Development, and Megacities

23 Definition of Megacity The United Nations defines megacities as cities with 10 million citizens or more. definition is arbitrary and has changed over time. in the ancient world, Rome was considered a megacity with its one million inhabitants. Urbanization, Development, and Megacities

24 Distribution of Megacities The world has 35 cities with at least 10 million inhabitants Urbanization, Development, and Megacities

25 Distribution of Megacities At least 10 Cities with at least 20 million 7 of the 10 largest megacities are in developing countries Urbanization, Development, and Megacities

26 Definition of Primate City A primate city is a city with a population two or more times larger then the next biggest city in the country. primarily a developing world phenomenon most commonly also capital cities are islands of growth that contribute to uneven development within a country o Attract factories and international businesses Urbanization, Development, and Megacities

27 Predicted new cities that will join the megacity list: Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo Chongqing, China Bangalore, India Jakarta, Indonesia Medras, India Wuhan, China Tianjin, China Hyderabad, India Lima, Peru Chicago, USA Bogota, Columbia Bangkok, Thailand Lahore, Pakistan London, United Kingdom What do most of these cities have in common? Urbanization, Development, and Megacities

28 Africa s First Megacity: Lagos, Nigeria 15 min What seems to be driving the significant increase in Lagos population? Complete World Cities Activity.

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30 Review What defines a Mega-City? Any city with a population of at least 10 million people. What is a primate city and where do they most typically exist? A city that has a population that is at least twice as big as the next largest city. Mostly an LDC phenomena.

31 Urban Revolutions

32 The Hearths of Urbanization The innovation of the city is called the first urban revolution, believed to have occurred independently in six separate hearths. 1. Mesopotamia, 3500 B.C.E. 2. Nile River Valley, 3200 B.C.E. 3. Indus River Valley, 2200 B.C.E. 4. Huang He Valley, 1500 B.C.E. 5. Mesoamerica, 1100 B.C.E. 6. Andes Mountain, 900 B.C.E.

33 The Hearths of Urbanization The first agricultural hearth was the area of Southwest Asia (the Fertile Crescent). Agricultural surplus and social stratification enabled cities to stabilize and grow. The leadership class, or urban elite, consisted of a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources. Urban Populations of 10,000-15,000

34 The Role of the Ancient City in Society Uruk (Erech), the city of firsts: first known use of a pottery wheel first known success at growing wheat to the extent necessary to cause a mini-population explosion first documented example of ecological devastation caused by over-cultivation and rapid human population growth first division of time into units of 60 first example of a formal writing system

35 The Role of the Ancient City in Society Served as economic nodes Were the primary marketplaces Were the anchors of culture and society, the focal points of power, authority, and change

36 Diffusion of Urbanization Populations grew with the steady food supply and a relatively sedentary lifestyle People had more time to explore and move around; migrated out from the hearth, diffusing their knowledge of agriculture and urbanization

37 The Second Urban Revolution Prompted by second agricultural revolution and Industrialization. Location for the development of these was determined by power source and transportation.

38 The Second Urban Revolution During the late seventeenth century and into the eighteenth century, Europeans invented a series of important improvements in agriculture. The second agricultural revolution also improved organization of production, market collaboration, and storage capacities.

39 A Second Urban Revolution Around 1800, Western Europe still overwhelmingly rural (97%). By the mid-1800s thousands migrated to the cities with industrialization. Cities had to adapt to the mushrooming population, the proliferation of factories and supply facilities, the expansion of transport systems, and the construction of tenements for the growing labor force.

40 Shock Cities of the Industrial Revolution -Urbanization at its finest. Manchester, England , , , ,300,000 Chicago , , ,700, ,300,000

41 The Chaotic Industrial City With industrialization, cities became unregulated jumbles of activity. Living conditions were dreadful for workers in cities, and working conditions were shocking.

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43 The Third Urban Revolution A complex phenomenon that began in the twentieth century and is marked by a massive increase in urban populations. -development of mega-cities -growth of metropolitan areas. Peaked around 2008 when the World s total urban population reached 50%

44 Unit 7 Terms Quiz #1 B D C E A Urbanization Central Business District 1,000 50,000 Trade area served by a central place. Built-up areas that surround the central city.

45 EXTRA-CREDIT (optional) True or False 1.In general, developed countries tend to have lower levels of urbanization than developing countries. False 2.According to Christaller s Central Place Theory the optimal (perfect) shape of a trade area is a hexagon. True PERIOD 7

46 Unit 7 Terms Quiz #1 B D C E A B C A D Urbanization Central Business District 1,000 2,500

47 City or Town? Historically, the difference between the two in Europe was whether it had a Cathedral or not. Today, most would think it is based upon population, but in the U.S. this only determines if an area is considered rural or urban.

48 Is St. Charles a City or Town? In the U. S., an incorporated city is a legally defined government entity, with powers delegated by the state and county and created and approved by the voters of the city. It provides local government services. 1. Locally elected officials 2. Provides essential services 3. Raise taxes In most places in the U.S. a town or village is simply an unincorporated community with no or limited governmental powers. Usually, county governments provide services to these unincorporated communities.

49 Distribution of Cities Today

50 Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller, 1930 s) Central Place Theory is a model that helps explain how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlement exists. Simple basic services (e.g. grocery stores) are said to be of low order while specialized services (e.g. colleges/universities) are said to be of high order. Having a high order service implies there are low order services around it, but not vice versa.

51 What is Central Place Theory? Urban Hierarchy A series of central places ranked on the basis of their range, threshold, and market area. Threshold is the minimum number of people needed to support a product. This creates it s sphere of influence. Range is the distance that people willing to travel for a product or an activity. Historically this was approximately 5 miles.

52 According to Central Place Theory If we compare the urban centers according to their size and number of functions offered we get the following situation: Village (low order goods) -This is the smallest urban center and may contain a gas station, a small store of some kind, and occasionally a small school. Town (medium order goods) -A town has all the functions that the village has plus drugstores, restaurants, a high school and a weekly newspaper. City (high order goods) -A city has all the functions that the village and town have and may also have a department store, a college and an automobile dealership. Metropolis (very high order goods) -This is the largest urban center and contains all the functions of the smaller settlements and more of them. In addition it will contain functions such as a university, modern hospitals, theaters, expensive jewelry shops and daily newspapers.

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54 Putting it all Together Rochester Winona St. Charles Elba

55 Assumptions of Central Place Theory It is based on three assumptions: 1. The surface of the ideal region would have to be flat and have no barriers. 2. The population is evenly distributed across the landscape. 3. As consumers, these people would be loyal to their central place.

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57 Review What is the name of the model that helps explain how services are distributed and why a regular pattern of settlement exists? Central Place Theory Who created this model? Walter Christaller What is the ideal shape of his market area? Hexagon What is wrong with his theory? It is based on a perfect world and assumptions that are impractical.

58 Evaluation and Critique of Central Place Theory It will never be found in the real world because: 1. Large areas of flat lands are rare. 2. People vary shopping trends, don t always go to the nearest center to shop. 3. Particular functions in the Central city change over time.

59 In the end Although not plausible, Christaller s Central Place Theory confirmed the interdependence of central places-that the size, retail functions, and location of one central place depend on the characteristics of other central places. 13:48

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61 Review What distinguished the difference between a city and a town in Europe? European cities had cathedrals and towns had simple churches. Is St. Charles a city? Why or why not? It is a city because we Have a local government Provide essential services Can raise taxes

62 Three Theories of Development 13.4

63 Concentric Zone Theory

64 Concentric Zone Theory Ernest Burgess Chicago 1920s Center ring (1) is the CBD, where nonresidential activities are concentrated. 2 nd ring, zone in transition, contains industry and poorer quality housing. Immigrants to the city first live in this zone. 3 rd ring, zone of working class homes. 4 th ring, newer and more spacious homes for middle-class families. 5 th ring, commuters zone. Deemed mostly inadequate due to lack of consideration of the impact of transportation changes.

65 Sector Model Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt. Location of the high-income groups influences the direction of a cities growth and leads to filtering the sequential reuse of housing by progressively lower income households.

66 Sector Model City develops in a series of sectors instead of rings from the CBD (1). Industry and retailing activities develop along good transportation lines (2). Lower income housing nestles along the edge of the transportation and industrial corridor (3).

67 Sector Model Middle income housing increases as families are drawn to more peaceful less crowded areas of the city (4). The best housing is found in a corridor from downtown to the outer edge usually influenced by environmental advantage (5).

68 Multiple Nuclei Model

69 Multiple Nuclei Model Theory developed in 1945 by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman Complex urban area with many centers of focus (cores). Central business district is less important. Some areas attract certain businesses and other areas are not attractive.

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71 Urban Realms Model Theory developed in 1960s by James E. Vance Jr. Grew from the multiple Nuclei model Accounts for the automobile s impact on the growth of cities. The metropolis Each "realm" of the model is separate and used for a different purpose, but are linked together to make one large, fluid city.

72 Urban Realms Model Contains a "new" downtown, most likely an edge city that has become so urbanized that it mimics the central city without being the central city. It shows that the edge cities are not "satellites" of the central city, but are in fact becoming cities themselves and shaping the metropolis. Needs of most residents satisfied within their realm.

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74 Review Which urban model will you most likely find groupings of people according to their ethnicity? Multiple Nuclei Model Burgess used this city to explain the Concentric Zone Model. Chicago

75 Models in American Cities Concentric Zone Few older, industrial cities still fit this model (Indianapolis, IN) Sector Rochester, MN Multiple Nuclei Los Angles (more than one business district and not as many connected to city center) Urban Realms Model Minneapolis, San Francisco

76 Public Policy and Residential Change Impact of public policy on decentralization of American cities and the transformation of residential areas. Federal Housing Administration/Veteran s Administration created to revitalize home construction during the Great Depression; this took loan risks away from banks and put it on the federal government making it possible for more people to own homes. Created a rating system to map and classify neighborhoods which led to redlining. This biased practice of refusing to offer home loans in neighborhoods judged to be a financial risk without considering an individuals financial qualifications. 4:30

77 Public Policy and Residential Change Impact of public policy on decentralization of American cities and the transformation of residential areas. Segregation was simultaneously enforced through the action of realtors, especially those who encouraged blockbusting. This is the practice of using scare tactics and panic selling to promote the rapid transition of a neighborhood from one racial or ethnic group to another. Blockbusting and redlining lead to white flight, the departure of whites from downtown neighborhoods to the suburbs.

78 Blockbusting with Archie Bunker. 2:18-14:40

79 Urban Dynamics Urban Redevelopment to develop again or to reinvent. achieved through the destruction of the existing buildings and the complete reconstruction of the area into something new and more functional. Western Harbor in Malmö, Sweden that reinvented what used to be the Kockums Shipyard and created a vibrant community with housing, commerce, offices, and public space.

80 Urban Redevelopment Eminent Domain the right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation. 3:15 4:00

81 Urban Redevelopment Gentrification occurs when more affluent people purchase deteriorated buildings in lowincome neighborhoods in order to restore or renovate them. Pros: Brings new money and businesses into once poor areas of the city Centralization Safer neighborhoods Cons: Expensive housing Displacement Cultural degeneration and the extinction of small, ethnic businesses 2:56

82 Urban Redevelopment Sprawl occurs when the rate at which land is urbanized greatly exceeds the rate of population growth. Rapidly extends the footprint of the urban space Expensive Contributes to dependency on cars

83 Models of Urban Structure Notes Guide Reading Worksheet

84 Models of Urban Structure Concentric Zone Model Multiple Nuclei Model Sector Model

85 REVIEW QUIZ a. urbanization b. gentrification c. urban redevelopment d. eminent domain e. sprawl 1. Extensive suburban and urban growth that often tends to be relatively unplanned. 2. The right of a government or its agent to expropriate private property for public use, with payment of compensation. 3. The gradual increase in the proportion of people living in cities or urban areas. 4. The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class or affluent people into deteriorating areas that often displaces poorer residents. 5. The destruction of the existing buildings and the complete reconstruction of the area into something new and more functional.

86 A metropolitan area has a population that exceeds Functional complexity refers to a town or city s The Bo-Wash Corridor and the Tokaido Belt in Japan were in class examples of massive urban complexes created by converging metropolitan areas that are referred to as a In 2008 demographers believe the World s urban population reached Demographers believe that the World s urban population will grow from ~54% in 2015 to ~70% by 2050 largely due to the growth of cities in

87 Urban Dynamics There Goes the Neighborhood 22:30 Video Guide

88 Urban Poverty and the Informal Sector Slums and Shantytowns Informal Sector Squatter Settlements Slum Alleviation - Microfinancing Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

89 Urban Planning Urban Planning New Urbanism Mixed-Use Development Are you aware of any urban development that has occurred in your town? If so, what was its goal and was it successful? Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.