CHAPTER 3 POPULATION AND CULTURE SECTION 1: THE STUDY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

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1 CHAPTER 3 POPULATION AND CULTURE SECTION 1: THE STUDY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

2 THE STUDY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Human geography includes many topics Language Religion Customs Economics Political Systems One particular focus is that of demography or the study of populations CULTURE - The beliefs and actions that define a group of people s way of life.

3 WHERE PEOPLE LIVE people live in varied conditions POPULATION DENSITY - the average number of people in a square mile or kilometer Approximately how much of the earth s surface is utilized for living by humans? more than ⅔ is water about ½ land mass is unlivable People adaptable to environment THE STUDY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY have altered the earth s surface to fit us Population Density - divide total pop. of a region s land area

4 POPULATION GROWTH population has grown largely in part because of technology food preservation, medical care Topic of debate is the effects of growth Why? What can the disadvantages be? Comparing growth rates uneven between countries THE STUDY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY increases in famine, disease, and natural resource depletion. BIRTHRATE- the number of live births each year per 1000 people IMMIGRATION - people who move into a country. EMIGRANTS - number who leave a country

5 Settlement Patterns many living in clusters live in metropolitan areas Most Europeans and North Americans live in cities THE STUDY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY URBANIZATION - the growth of city populations RURAL - countryside

6 THE NATURE OF CULTURE Is developed over time passed on from generation to generation 2 ways of doing this Material food, clothing, architecture, arts, crafts Nonmaterial THE STUDY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY religion, language, spiritual beliefs and behavior government systems education systems attitudes towards roles of women and men Vary from country to country

7 THE STUDY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CULTURE HEARTH - refers to a place where important ideas begin and from which they spread to surrounding cultures Can be seen in language, arts, technology influences on neighboring countries Language is the cornerstone of culture allows for communication enables people to pass down information reflects a culture s identity see pages 92-93

8 THE STUDY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY Religion is important as well. supports values that groups find important they vary around the world Cultural landscapes - are those that are directly altered by human interaction with earth s surface Social Organization - is the organizing of a social structure into small groups Women & Minorities - many cultures limit the ability of social mobility must remain in a certain social status.

9 THE STUDY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY CULTURAL CHANGE changed by internal and external forces technology inventions can greatly create change in culture CULTURAL CONVERGENCE - occurs when the skill, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another culture. what are some examples? DIFFUSION - is the process by which a cultural element is transmitted across some distance from one group or individual to another.

10 DIFFUSION (continued) migration of people who take their cultural traits with them to new locations introduction of new religions THE STUDY OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY adapting cultures from other cultures is called acculturation What does all this mean? CULTURAL DIVERGENCE - is the restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences where has this taken place?

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12 CHAPTER 3 POPULATION AND CULTURE SECTION 2: POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

13 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS THE WORLD S COUNTRIES Countries are defined by 4 characteristics clearly defined territory population sovereignty government TERRITORY - includes land, water, natural resources (within boundaries) range in size natural resources can play a bigger role than the size of the country Persian Gulf Territory boundaries rivers, mountains, / can change over time (war/treaties)

14 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS POPULATION - does not determine the existence of a country Canada and Australia Large land areas sparsely populated Japan and Netherlands Small land areas densely populated United States and India wide diversity of people and cultures Greece and Sweden share backgrounds, language, and culture SOVEREIGNTY - a nation s freedom from outside control can rule itself / act independently

15 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS TYPES OF GOVERNMENT government is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies and provides for its common needs. responsible for protecting a community provide services for its people a few types of governments UNITARY SYSTEM - central government runs the nation FEDERATION - some powers are given to the national government while other powers are reserved for local governments CONFEDERATION - smaller political units keep their sovereignty and give the central government only very limited powers

16 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC A U T H O R I T A R I A N SYSTEMS Government Authority - 5 types AUTHORITARIAN - the leaders held all, or nearly all political power DICTATORSHIP - power is concentrated in a small group or even a single person TOTALITARIANISM - the government tries to control every part of society, politics, economy and people s personal lives MONARCHY - the inheritance of position by being born into the ruling family. Kings, Queens, Pharaohs, Shahs, Sultans DEMOCRACY - is when any country the people choose their government leaders and have the power to set government.

17 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS TYPES OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMS TRADITIONAL ECONOMIES - known as subsistence economies. People grow and use their products with little to no left over for trade. MARKET ECONOMIES - a system that gives great freedom to individuals and groups (free enterprise) Capitalist market economy - private individuals and groups decide what will be produced. Pure capitalist market economy the government would take absolutely no role.

18 POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC COMMAND ECONOMY - is when the economy is controlled by a single, central government nearly all economic decisions are made by government for social or political goals what to produce how much to produce how much to sell it for MIXED ECONOMY - this is the combination of the three previous economies. Which are? Type of mixed economy is Socialism A state should own and run some basic industries SYSTEMS transportation - communications - banking - coal