pg 273 -In studying the size of cities and distances between them, urban geographers explored the trade areas of different size cities -trade areas

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2 pg 273 -In studying the size of cities and distances between them, urban geographers explored the trade areas of different size cities -trade areas the adjacent region to every city and town within which its influence is dominant. (the city s influence) How far the influence of the city goes. ex. customs from smaller towns and villages go there to where to conduct business and shop? the city - the surrounding region s people read the news papters and watch tv from where? the city

3 Read that 3 rd paragraph - it describes the rank-size rule -the largest city has the largest trade area and => fewer places rival it as the major trade area -the several medium sized cities trade in smaller areas of commerce and are scattered apart from the major city -next comes the small towns, they house the grocery stores and other necessities -finally villages which have a café or gas station -each has a descending trade area and population -What does the rank-size rule state? -in a modern urban hierarchy: -the population of a city will inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. -What that means is: if the largest city has 12 million, the 2 nd largest has 6 million (1/2) 3 rd will have 4 (1/3) the 4 th largest will have 3 million (1/4) and so on

4 (here comes the disclaimer) pg 274 (1 st paragraph) -Rank-size does not apply in all countries, especially countries with one dominant city (the primate city) like Paris, Mexico City -but is does seem to apply in countries with a bunch of large cities (like the U. S.) -Central Place Theory -Walter Christaller wrote a study explaining where cities, towns, and villages will be located - he laid the groundwork for the central place theory -predicted how and where central places should be functionally and spatially distributed

5 -Christaller began his theory with a few assumptions: 1. the surface of the ideal region would have no physical barriers and would be flat 2. soil fertility would be the same everywhere 3. population and purchasing power would be evenly distributed 4. there d be a uniform transportation network so there could be travel from one settlement to another 5. from any place a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance -so what did Christaller do? (right column/1 st paragraph)

6 -he calculated the ideal central place system and composed his model to real world situations and tried to explain the variations and expectations -then came up with this: -in the urban hierarchy, the central places would be nested. So the largest central place provides the greatest number of functions to most of the region -within the trade area of the largest central place, a series of larger towns would provide functions to several smaller places -then the smaller places would then provide fewer central functions to an even smaller service area (read next paragraph)

7 Hexagonal Hinterlands -Why did Christaller choose hexagonal regions as the shape of each trade area? -because a circle would mean trade areas would either have to overlap or leave some areas unserved pg. 275 Once again (the disclaimer) **-urban geographers were divided on the relevance of his model -some saw his model everywhere others nowhere where did his ideas see support? -Europe, North America, China - U. S. Midwest -another thing that confirmed his theory is -G. William Skinner examined the distribution of villages, towns, and cities he found a spatial pattern closely resembling Christaller s model -another thing -the economic forces at work in the U. S. Midwest tended to confirm Christaller s theory

8 (know this) What were some of the conclusions of Christaller s model? -that the hierarchy of urban places are spatially balanced -that the largest cities would be spaced farther from each other than smaller cities and towns -one thing his studies confirmed was that the distribution of cities, towns, and villages is not an accident but is because of trade areas, population size, and distance Central Places Today -urban places are different today than when Christaller did his model -a lot of things Christaller did not anticipate make his models and theories less relevant

9 -Larry Ford said central place ideas sill have a role in explaining current development -the example he used was the Sunbelt phenomenon -what was it? -the movement of millions of Americans from the North and Northeastern states to the South and Southwest (What is the rest of this paragraph saying?) -it s saying the move to the Sunbelt is not just because of old people moving to the south because of money and retirement -it s because of government policies that favor Sunbelt cities -like building military, space, and research facilities that people would want to move to -at the same time, migrants from Central America and South America moving into the same areas -What was the affect of all this movement? -it created a changed urban hierarchy in the Sunbelt -how so?

10 -the cities increased their production of technological goods and services and increased their economic reach -cities like Atlanta, Dallas, and Phoenix did this (became headquarters of major businesses) and other cities did the same but in a smaller role Charlotte, Tampa, San Antonio, Tucson -Models of the City (pg 276) -functional zonation the division of the city into certain regions for certain purposes -every model of the city is a study in this: (what s and example of functional zonation?) -that fact that cities usually have residential zones that are separate from industrial zones, that are separate from garbage dumps

11 -Here are some terms used in commonly describing cities -zone and area with a relatively uniform land use -the term is usually preceded with a descriptor that conveys the purpose of that area of the city what are some examples -central business district they key economic zone of the city -it s a combo of business and commerce downtown -What does the CBD look like? -the typical CBD has high land values, tall buildings, busy traffic, converging highways, and mass transit -central city the urban area that is not suburban -it s the older city rather than the new suburbs

12 -suburb the outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area -it is often adjacent to the central city -most suburbs are residential, other uses are schools, shopping malls and office parks -suburbanization the process where you take land that wasn t urban and make it so -it happens when people and business from the city move to these places -suburbanization involves the transformation of large areas of land from rural to urban uses

13 -How did P.O. Muller describe suburbia? (right column 3 rd paragraph) sort of like Weston (What has become the essence of the modern American city?) -The suburbs have become the essence of the modern American city. -How so? look at the 2000 census: -50% of the U.S. population lives in suburbs -30% central city -20% rural areas

14 pg when you refer to downtown, or other places, you are referring to urban regions where certain functions prevail -all of the regions lie near each other and together make up the metropolis -but how are they arranged? -What s the pattern or zones? -and are these zones the same in every city? Modeling the North American City -What were the 3 models of North American cities? (concentric, sector, multiple nuclei) -What s the big difference among the 3? (read pg. 277 right column to pg st paragraph)

15 pg What do most urban geographers think about these models they re too simplistic to describe the modern city -they said due to modern transportation suburbanization exploded -these outer cities grew rapidly and became functionally independent from the central city -new suburban downtowns developed around big regional shopping centers, and attracted industrial parks, office complexes, hotels, restaurants, entertainment facilities, sports teams, located near key freeway intersections (why?) -these places are called edge cities -what happened in the edge cities? -they attracted 10 s of thousands of suburbanites why? -because the edge city offered work places, shopping, leisure activities and many other parts of an urban environment

16 -result -edge city loosened its ties to the central city AND other suburban areas -and edge cities employed more than the central city -What is the urban realm? -it describes the spatial components (the layout what it looks like) of the modern metropolis -and what does the urban realm look like? -it is a widely dispersed, multi-centered metropolis with each center (region) consisting of independent zones -like separate economic, social, and political zones -each linked together to form the metropolitan area

17 Modeling the cities of the Global Periphery and Semi-periphery -why is it so much more difficult to model, classify, or typify urban centers? -because there are so many more of them -What are colonial cities? -those where European transplants dominate the form of the city -What s an indigenous city? -those that don t have any influence from the outside (especially the West) -Even the colonial cities of today are hard to classify, model, etc. -Same with the indigenous pg Soa Paulo and Mexico City are 2 megacities that make it difficult to classify, model, typify

18 The Latin America City -Griffin Ford Model studied Latin American cities -the model said that Latin American cities blend traditional elements of Latin American culture with forces of globalization -this mixing tends to reshape the urban scene -What is the main part of the model? -the thriving CBD *-what are some other characteristics of the CBD -a lot of business, shopping, entertainment, employment -the remaining zones are where the less well off residents are -the farther from the city the lower the socioeconomic levels were -the outmost zone is home to the most impoverished and unskilled the periphery (outside)

19 pg 280 disamenity sector is a part of many Latin American cities -it s the very poorest part of cities -some extreme cased are not even connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs -the slums of these sectors are known as favelas (Brazil) and Barrios (other Latin American countries) -in the periferico you can also see conditions like this -the perifericos is in the area beyond the ring highway -what exactly is the gentrification zone in the Griffin Ford model? -the zone where historic buildings are preserved -it s more common in North America that South America, but is is increasing

20 The African City -interesting- Sub-Saharan African has some of the lowest levels of urbanization *-where most people are farmers but it has the fastest growing cities in the world -followed by South Asia, East Asia, and South and Middle America -Northern and southern South America and Oz growing more slowly -Western Europe growing not at all -the imprint of European colonialism is seen in the African cities what has been the biggest imprint on many African cities? -as a result of all this diversity there is no one model African city. -in fact the central African city usually has 3 CBD s 1. the remains of the colonial CDB 2. an informal and sometimes periodic market zone 3. a transitional center where commerce is conducted from curb side, stalls, or store fronts

21 pg 281 -describe the typical African market zone or business center -open-air and informal -what s on the outside of the city? -squatter settlements The Southeast Asian City -McGee Model found that the focal point of the Southeast Asian city is the old colonial port -it also found similar land-use patterns among medium-sized cities -an interesting fact McGee found about the Southeast Asian city was it had no formal central business district -he found separate clusters (zones) surrounding the old colonial port 1. the government zone 2. the Western commercial zone 3. the alien commercial zone dominated by Chinese merchants 4. mixed land zone that has miscellaneous land uses -the McGee model noted one big difference between Southeast Asian cities and the Ford model of South American -larger middle class in Southeast Asian cities

22 pg 282 (read: Comparing and Contrasting) Making cities in their global periphery and semi-periphery -Where are many of the world s most populous cities located? -in the less prosperous parts of the world -in the poorer countries we know why the cities are growing. -they come in droves and housing cannot keep up with the growth pg 283 -as a result, many people end up living in: -shanty towns unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters zoning laws which were made to ensure use of space in proper ways, are lacking in poorer countries

23 pg 284 -What do zoning laws do? -make sure land is used in a good way ex. 1 st sentence pg 284 -They don t exist everywhere. -in Europe few cities have them -what s the only large city in the U. S. without them? Houston -So what happens in cities without zoning laws? -mixed land use throughout the city ex. Madras, India 2 high rise buildings have squatter settlements between them -Bangkok elementary schools are nest to noisy, polluting factories -Nairobi hillside villas overlook the worst slums -What is the one trait all major cities display across the global periphery? -the stark contrast between wealthy and poor -especially in periphery countries

24 pg 284 Making cities in the Global core -the goal of making cities has changed over time -during segregation there were ways to keep races separate one way was redlining- -the act of banks refusing to offer loans to places they thought were risky neighborhoods -what s the significance of this? -it kept poor neighborhoods poor since they couldn t borrow money to improve them -blockbusting when realtors would convince white people to sell their homes by convincing them blacks were moving into the neighborhood and it was going downhill how did it benefit realtors? -this produced white flight

25 pg 285 -suburbanization has influenced the making of cities -people have left the central city for the suburbs for a number of reasons, like? 1. single family homes 3. better schools 2. yards 4. safety -what happens to city government revenues with suburbanization? -goes down due to decrease in tax -to make up for suburbanization, what are city governments encouraging? -commercialization and gentrification -(what are each of these?) -commercialization the act of transforming the central city into and area attractive to residents and tourists alike gentrification the taking of older buildings and housing and rehabilitating them -this raises the value of these neighborhoods

26 -where does gentrification mainly occur? in cities with a tight housing market and defined central city ex. San Francisco, Portland, and Chicago pg 286 -How is gentrification occurring in the suburbs? teardowns housed bought with the intention of tearing them down and building new larger homes McMasions are what these new homes are called. Why? - because of their super size and similar look -How are they bad? -homes aren t preserved, they re demolished. -most teardowns occur in wealthy cities Urban Sprawl and New Urbanization -urban areas have experienced urban sprawl as they ve grown -urban sprawl is the unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments and roads

27 -How can you spot urban sprawl? -strip malls, big box stores, chain restaurants, huge intersections, and numerous housing developments pg 287 -Where is urban sprawl more rampant? -Sunbelt of the south (Atlanta) and in the west (Houston) where urban areas whose population is increasing -what was the purpose of new urbanism? -to counter urban sprawl -new urbanism development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs -where some new urbanist cities? Seaside, Fl; Celebration, Fl., Kentland's, Md

28 pg 290 Gated Communities -gated communities fenced in neighborhoods with controlled access gated for people and cars -more neighborhoods in the suburbs have gated communities -what are the objectives of the gated communities? -safety and maintain or increase housing values, status, attraction -about 6% of Americans live in gated communities pg 291 What s the difference between gated communities in China and those in Europe and North America? -they are 5-10 times more densely populated -urban planners want to gate middle and low income neighborhoods -to create a sense of community and make spaces defensible from undesirables

29 pg 291 -perfect example Five Oaks district of Dayton, Ohio -What happened there? Ethnic neighborhoods in the European city -who usually lives in ethnic neighborhoods in European cities? -migrants from former colonies -What are some examples? Paris, France has Algerians London has Jamaicans Madrid has Moroccans -German cities have Turkish neighborhoods because they were invited to be guest workers -most migrants to European cities come from the global periphery or Eastern Europe

30 pg 292 -why are European cities more compact, densely populated, and walkable that U.S. cities? -they are older and were designed for foot and horse traffic, not auto -what are the focal points of European historic cities; American cities sky scrapers -so what happens when a lot of immigrants move into European cities? -locals move out ex. Paris- Maghreb (those from region around Algeria and Morocco) are most numerous inhabitants of immigrant neighborhoods (last 2 paragraphs don t really care about public housing zones in Belgium and Holland)

31 Ethnic neighborhoods in the global periphery and semi periphery city -like most big cities in the periphery, where do migrants live? -in worst parts of the city -the slums of the cities are typically ethnically delineated -the settlement patterns of cities are often the same as those developed during the colonial period -(next 2 paragraphs, whole lot of nothing) -how do the millions of immigrants living in the slums survive? pg 293 -extended families share money earned -remittances are sent back from core countries -work at any job they can that gives them money -and that is often in the informal economy -its that money that is not taxed and not counted toward a country s gross national income

32 -why does the informal economy worry governments? -no taxes are paid pg 294 Globalization has had an effect on major cities in the world especially in formal colonial cities ex. Mumbai (Bombay) -colonial rule produced a segregated city -especially between foreign and local activities -but in the era of globalization a new demarcated foreign presence has arisen -now there is a global CBC at the hear of the original colonial city

33 pg 295 What is globalization? -a set of processed and outcomes that occur on the global scale world cities are dominant cities in terms of their role in the global political economy -they re world cities because of their important in the world economy not because of their size/population -a world city is connected to other cities, and the processes of globalization pulse across these connection and through cities