Unit 8 Settlement Geography: Urban and Rural, Cities and City Life
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1 Unit 8 Settlement Geography: Urban and Rural, Cities and City Life 38:180 Human Geography Settlement Geography Principally urban, but a continuum: Hamlet Village Town City plus rural World is predominantly urban (50%+ since 2007) 2 dimensions: A spatial means of organizing the economy Complex social organisation Rapid growth in 20 th C. 1
2 Fig 11.3 Percentage of Urban Population by Country Fig 11.1 World Rural and Urban Populations,
3 Fig 11.2 Rural and Urban Populations of the More Developed and Less Developed Regions of the World, Urban Geography Two levels of analysis: Urban System Internal Structure Framing urban geography: How to define urban How to delimit cities 3
4 How to define urban Archaeological: an agglomeration of people and activities relatively large based upon non-primary activities Legal: creatures of the state Functional: a daily urban system based on links to a central city Census: defined by (national) government 4
5 Extracted from Table 11.1 Norton 8 th ed. Czechoslovakia: defined large town as usually 5,000 + population, more than 100 persons per hectare of built-up area, 3 or more living quarters in at least 15% of the houses, piped water and a sewage system for the major part of the town, at least 5 physicians and a pharmacy, a 9 year secondary school, a hotel with at least 20 beds, a network of trade and distributive services which serve more than one town, job opportunities for the population of the surrounding area, the terminal of a system of bus lines, and not more than 10% of the total population active in agriculture. 5
6 6
7 Origin and Growth of Cities 2 requirements: 1) Agricultural surplus 2) Social Stratification (leadership class) The First Urban Revolution independent innovation in several places 7
8 Origin and Growth of Cities 5 primary reasons for establishment of cities: 1) Agricultural surplus 2) Hydraulic Theory (Irrigation) 3) Marketplace (exchange, and longdistance trade) 4) Military, defensive, administrative function 5) Religious function Trade city sites/situations 8
9 Defensive city sites 9
10 Origin and Growth of Cities 5 Urban Hearths : Mesopotamia (ca BC) Nile River Valley (ca BC) Indus River Valley (ca BC) Huang He and Wei River Valleys (Yellow and Yangtze Rivers) (ca BC) Mesoamerica (ca. 200 BC) Urban Hearths 10
11 The Ziggurat of Ur 11
12 Plan of Mohenjo Daro Mohenjo Daro 12
13 Plan of Teotihuacan Temple of the Moon, Teotihuacan 13
14 Plaza de los Tres Culturas, Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) 14
15 Subsequent Spread and Growth of Cities Greek Cities Roman Cities Dark Ages, then Mercantile cities New network of cities, linked by trade, coastal orientation Emergence of downtown Mercantile class rises in importance Early (commercial) Capitalism, parallels decline of feudalism Greek Cities 15
16 16
17 Roman Cities (Imperial Cities) 17
18 Functional linkages 18
19 Roman Forum 19
20 20
21 21
22 What have the Romans ever done for us? The Silk Road 22
23 23
24 Brugge, Belgium,
25 Subsequent Spread and Growth of Cities The Second Urban Revolution : Industrialization Rapid rural to urban migration Not all mercantile cities became important industrial cities Reinforces primacy of Capitalist economic system, and power of Capitalist class Urban Systems Rank-Size rule: Population of a city is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy (logarithmic scale ie. 2nd rank is 1/2 size, 3rd rank is 1/3 size, etc.) 25
26 26
27 Central Place Theory All cities act as central place for a surrounding hinterland CPT is a model that explains the number, size, and spacing of the system of cities based on the functions they perform (services they provide) for the regions they serve Walter Christaller (1933): Die zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland [Central Places in Southern Germany] Central Place Theory Key Concepts: Range Threshold Order 27
28 28
29 Central Place Theory Key Concepts: Range Threshold Order Assumptions: Isotropic Plain Rational Action of Consumers Triangular Arrangement of Market Centres > results in hexagonal trade areas The Triangular Lattice 29
30 Hexagonal Trade Areas Hexagonal Trade Areas Fig 11.8 Theoretical hinterlands (or market areas) for central places 30
31 Central Place Theory There are different Christaller systems: 1) k=3 (aka market principle ) customers go to the closest seller 2) k=4 (aka transport principle ) customers are served by a transportation system linking them and the centres 3) k=7 (aka administrative principle ) centres (& market areas) are bounded by administrative jurisdictions 31
32 Compound Central Place System Central Place Theory Real World Examples? China polders of the Netherlands (reclaimed land) East Anglia, UK Indiana Saskatchewan 32
33 33
34 34
35 Spatial Patterns of Centres in an Urban System linear / transport centres cluster / specialised activities uniform / service centres 35
36 Rural Settlements Defining rural? Typical spatial arrangements Typical spatial arrangements 36
37 Gonggar, Tibet Northern Switzerland 37
38 Sakha Republic, Russia 38
39 Grid Survey - Iowa 39
40 Northwestern Iceland Northern Iceland 40
41 41
42 Settlement system in rural China Rural Landscape, China 42
43 Rural Settlements Defining rural? Typical spatial arrangements Relationship with urban Depopulation Counter-urbanization and rural gentrification Urban sprawl Rural-urban fringe From Norton 8 th ed. 43
44 Internal Structure of Cities Classic Models: Burgess Concentric Zone Model Hoyt s Sector Model Harris and Ullman s Multiple Nuclei Model New Models: Ford s Latin American City Model Decentralized City Model African/Apartheid City Model, Colonial City Model, Southeast Asian City, etc. 44
45 45
46 Urban Processes Shaping Cities Zoning (urban regulation and governance) Redlining Blockbusting Suburbanization Commercialization Gentrification Tear-downs and McMansions Urban Sprawl, and the New Urbanism 46
47 47
48 Windy Ridge 48
49 49
50 50
51 Explaining gentrification: Economic Factors Social Factors Political Factors Sexuality 51
52 52
53 53
54 54
55 Seaside, Florida New Urban Spaces Gated Communities Edge Cities (e.g. Tyson s Corner, VA) Ethnic Neighbourhoods ( enclaves ) 55
56 56
57 57
58 58
59 59
60 60
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