Human Geography. Urban Development. Urban Development. Urban Development. Unit 8: Urban Development. I. Why are Settlements Established?

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1 I. Why are Settlements Established? A. Rural Settlements B. Urban Settlements Human Geography Unit 8: I. Why are Settlements Established? C. REASONS FOR ESTABLLISHING SETTLEMENTS 1. Cultural Religious Place Nurture Families Protection Carcassonne, France Medieval Walled City I. Why are Settlements Established? C. REASONS FOR ESTABLLISHING SETTLEMENTS 2. Economic Warehousing Center Agricultural Center Manufacturing Center Trading Center 1

2 II. Origin and Diffusion of Cities A. ORIGINS 1. Urban Hearth Areas Mesopotamia (Iraq) Nile River Valley Indus River Valley (Pakistan) Yellow River Valley (China) Mesoamerica II. Origin and Diffusion of Cities A. ORIGINS 2. Origin Examples Ancient Ur (Mesopotamia) Zigurrat II. Origin and Diffusion of Cities A. ORIGINS 2. Origin Examples Mediterranean City States Knossos (Crete) Troy (Turkey) Mycenae (Greece) II. Origin and Diffusion of Cities B. DIFFUSION 1. Urban Explosion More Developed Countries (MDCs) Lesser Developed Countries (LDCs) More people living in LDCs than in MDCs prior to their development during Industrial Revolution Higher Rates of Natural Increase (RNI s) than the MDC s experienced Migrating as push factor from depressed rural economic areas not as pull factors through urbanization that accompanies development 2

3 Urban Areas World s Largest Cities 1 Tokyo New York Seoul Mexico City São Paulo Bombay Osaka Delhi Los Angeles Jakarta Bombay Sao Paulo Karachi Seoul Delhi Shanghai Istanbul Mexico City Jarkarta Moscow Tokyo New York 8.01 World Urban Growth Rates Estimated Urban Share of Total Population, 1950 and 1988, with Projections to 2000 Region North America 64% 74% 78% Europe Soviet Union East Asia (except China) China Southeast Asia South Asia Latin America Africa Oceania World

4 III. Defining Urban Settlements A. LEGAL BOUNDARIES B. CONTINUOSLY BUILD UP AREA Urbanized Area: city limit plus suburbs > 1000 density III. Defining Urban Settlements C. FUNCTIONAL AREA City > 50,000 County in which city resides Adjacent counties with 50% (was 15%) labor force in the primary county and majority of the pop not in AG Metropolitan Statistical Area: MSA s Census 2010 Defined: Functional Areas Core Based Statistical Areas (CBSA) 942 County based areas defined by commuting patterns Two types: Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) 366 At least 1 Urbanized Area (UA) 50K pop 84% U.S. Population lived in 2009 Micropolitan Statistical Areas (msa) 576 At least 1 Urbanized Cluster (UC) w 10k 50K pop 10% U.S. population 4

5 III. Defining Urban Settlements C. FUNCTIONAL AREA Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA): Conurbation Combined Statistical Area (CSA) [was CMSA] 2 or more contiguous CBSAs tied by commuting patterns Primary Census Statistical Areas (PCSAs) All 124 CSAs, remaining 187 MSAs; 406 microsas Census 2010 Defined: Functional Areas Combined Statistical Areas (CSAs) 125 Grouping of adjacent CBSAs [Metro or Micro] CSA: Richmond (CBSA) / Charlottesville (CBSA) Megalopolis (CSA E. United States) III. Defining Urban Settlements D. DEFINING URBAN AREAS Roadside isolated establishment on single transportation artery Hamlet - 20 to 150 people at crossroads of arteries; 4 residences, with at least 1 business Village (geography term) 150 to 1000 people; 10 businesses Town (legal term) ; professional services City (legal term) 2500 plus; non-ag activity Urban Place 2500 plus; doesn t require incorporation Conurbation at least three cities coalesced together Metropolis city with minimum 500,000 population 5

6 IV. Site And Situation V. Economic Base Theory Hinterland / Trade Area Basic Sector V. Economic Base Theory Hinterland / Trade Area Basic Sector Non-Basic Basic / Non-Basic Ratio Multiplier Effect Economic Multipliers (Export) (Services) City Size Basic NB Multiplier 100 Basic Jobs Small 1 < 1 <1 / = <2 <200 Total = Small Average <1.5 / = <2.5 <250 Total = Average Large <2.0 / = <3.0 <300 Total = Large II. URBAN ECONOMIC BASE B. Advantages to EB 1. Classification of Cities Unifunctional Cities Functional Specialization Examples: Detroit Washington, D.C. Kansas City Wichita, KS Multiplier = NB / B + B 6

7 II. URBAN ECONOMIC BASE B. Advantages to EB 2. Use in Regional Planning Example: Kearney as Regional Health Provider Oncology Center retail / housing needs City Planners Basic / Non-Basic Ratios for Growth II. URBAN ECONOMIC BASE B. Advantages to EB 3. Geographic Ties of City to Region Track flow of goods from city (node) to hinterland / trade area shows: For multiple cities allows comparison of spatial functional organization Note: city overlap Contrast with Boston Milwaukee Chicago Detroit Toledo Cleveland NY Boston Philadelphia D.C. U.S. Port Import Hinterlands II. URBAN ECONOMIC BASE B. Shortcomings of EB 1. Determining Basic / Non Basic Employment how do you differentiate sectors when they often overlap? B. Shortcomings of EB 2. Delineating the Hinterland How is city defined (legal city, urbanized area, functional area / MSA) How is trade area defined? (how are overlaps handled?) - Megalopolis Given agglomeration basic / non-basic activities may congregate. DFW Employment 7

8 VI. Central Place Theory - Christaller Christaller 1933 developed in Southern Germany based upon what he observed between the spatial pattern of cities and their trade area. Christaller - chief function of a town is to be the central place of a region or hinterland. Greater a cities size / importance larger its hinterland. Centrality is a relative measure of towns importance to hinterland. Central goods and services are those produced by the town for purchase by the hinterland. VI. Central Place Theory - Christaller Range Distance people are willing to travel for a good at a price Higher and Lower Order Durability / Perishability Threshold Minimum level of dollars in sales or number of consumers, and the geographical extent around the market necessary to remain profitable. Smaller the threshold the smaller the range and the greater the number of Central Places that will provide it. VI. Central Place Theory - Christaller Complementary Region is the area enclosing a CP defined by the range of a good (or the overall range / attraction of the CP based upon the goods offered) ideally circular with CP at center; but un-served areas would exist. Squares fill space but sides are not equidistant to the center. Hexagons: are equidistant, space-filling, and efficient. Range exceeded: consumers not served Threshold not met: CP can t survive I. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY Market Areas Nested Hierarchy Another factor related to the range of goods based upon their order and town size is a Nested Hierarchy of market areas. smaller urban areas with lower order goods (smaller range and threshold) can be nested inside of the hinterland of a larger place / market area without the fear of cannibalizing (through competition) their sales. Nested Hierarchy Based upon K 3 Marketing Principle 8

9 VI. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY (CPT) Market Areas Nested Hierarchy 1. Rank Size Rule a distribution of cities across the landscape such that if ordered from largest to smallest, the second largest city would be one-half the largest, the third, onethird, and so on. Example 1 st 1,000,000 2 nd 500,000 3 rd 333,333 4 th 250,000 VI. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY (CPT) Market Areas Nested Hierarchy 2. Primate City no linear distribution of population exists like Rank Size Largest city in region has over twice the population of second settlement. Example - France 1 st - Paris 10.4 million approx 2 nd - Marseilles 1.4 million 3 rd Lyon 1.3 million many LDCs have Primate City distributions Contrasting cities within the U.S. and Romania illustrate this difference. require rank size distribution for CPT VI. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY (CPT) Market Areas 3. Assumptions of CPT unbounded plain (Isotropic) with soil of equal fertility and even distribution of resources even distribution of population and purchasing power uniform transportation network in all directions I. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY (CPT) D. CPT Principles 1. Marketing Principle K3 Next lower order is between 3 Higher order (Spacing)/Locations Market Areas: higher order areas are three (3) Times larger than Smaller Number of centers increase by factor of three (3) 1, 3, 9, 27, etc. minimizes the number of CPs and maximizes the number of goods provided Midway points for lower are at corners of higher; which is surrounded by six (6) transport cost directly related to Weight and Distance constant range of any good no matter the CP profit maximizers 9

10 I. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY Market Areas Nested Hierarchy Nested Hierarchy Based upon K 3 Marketing Principle I. CENTRAL PLACE THEORY (CPT) D. CPT Principles 2. Transportation Principle K4 Roads connecting Level A centers do not pass through Level B centers. K-3 good for consumer not for transportation K-4 next order and is on side of Hexagon to connect lower order centers Market area is four (4) times that of lower order Number of centers increases by factor of four (4) - 1, 4, 16, 64 Urban Models VII. Internal Structure of Cities-Urban Models A. CONCENTRIC ZONE / RING MODEL BURGESS (1923) Urban Models VII. Internal Structure of Cities-Urban Models B. SECTOR MODEL - HOYT (1939) 10

11 Urban Models VII. Internal Structure of Cities-Urban Models C. MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL HARRIS / ULLMAN (1945) VII. Internal Structure of Cities-Urban Models Principles of Geographic Association 1. Special Facilities 2. Attraction Agglomeration 3. Repulsion 4. High Rent Urban Models VII. Internal Structure of Cities-Urban Models D. Peripheral Model (Harris post 1950s) Following suburbanization and exodus from central city Urban Models Suburbs grown faster than US population; inner cities declining Inner city surrounded by both suburban homes and businesses tied together by a beltway or ring road segregation and urban sprawl are common side effects D. Peripheral Model (Harris post 1950s) 1. Edge Cities nodes of consumer and business services surround the beltway. edge cities begin as suburban commuter n-hoods for central city workers. shopping malls are attracted to suburbs where demand located even manufacturing centers (cheap space) and office parks. 11

12 Indianapolis Married Couples (1990) VIII. Applications of the Models Indianapolis Median Household Income (1990) Indianapolis Ethnic Concentrations (1990) 12